본 연구는 북한산국립공원 송추지구 울대습지의 생물다양성 증진을 위한 관리방안을 연구하였다. 울대습지의 입지특성과 환경생태특성을 문헌고찰 및 현장조사를 통해 입지특성과 환경생태특성을 파악하였으며, 기존에 수립된 기본계획부터 시공까지의 사업단계별 적정성을 검토하였다. 울대습지보전사업의 적정성 검토는 장재훈(2013)의 습지 복원관리방안 가이드라인을 기초로 하였고, 그에 따른 개선 및 관리방안을 제시하였다.
산지 내 묵논습지(Abandoned rice paddy field)의 생태계 특성, 출현 예상 야생생물의 서식환경특성, 습지복원 및 관리에 대한 연구를 고찰하였고 연구대상지는 서울시 인근에 위치한 북한산국립공원 울대습지로 선정하였다. 기존 사업 관리계획 검토와 울대습지 유역권 내 생태계 특성을 파악하였는데, 울대습지의 물리적 환경은 지형, 수 환경을 분석하였으며 습지환경에 서식하는 생물종 간의 관계를 파악하기 위해 식물생태와 야생조류, 양서류, 잠자리목 등을 조사하였다.
물리적 환경에서 표고는 울대습지 유역권 내 37.4%가 155∼175m이었으며 유역권 내 울대습지 및 일대는 완경사지(5∼15°), 유역권 내 64.0%가 북향이었다. 울대습지는 강우와 계곡에서 흘러들어오는 수계에 의존하는 천수답 형태이며, 0∼80cm의 다양한 수심이 형성되어 있었다. 이상 울대습지는 완만한 지형에 조성된 계단식 묵논으로 습지의 물 공급에 계절적 한계가 있었다. 지속적인 물 공급과 일조량 확보가 어려워 울대습지 내 육상화가 이루어질 것으로 예측된다.
식물상 조사결과 대체로 습윤지성 초종들로 31과 55종 8변종 1품종 총 64종류(Taxa), 귀화종 4종이 관찰되었다. 관리대상종은 논의 잡초인 물피, 돌피, 나도겨풀과 외래종인 망초, 미국가막사리 등이었으며, 묵논습지 천이단계에 출현하는 뚝새풀, 사마귀풀, 골풀, 버드나무 등이 관찰되었다. 이상 울대습지는 현재 천이진행 중이며, 식생 및 수 환경 관리가 필요하였다.
울대습지 유역권 내 현존식생 중 88.6%가 산림이었으며, 그 중 참나무류군락과 소나무군락이 유역권 내 64.6%이었다. 그 외 버드나무군락은 5% 분포하였고, 해당 지역은 과거 논 경작 중단 이후 천이가 진행된 것으로 판단된다. 울대습지 현존식생은 대체로 습윤지역이었으나 일부 건조지역이 관찰되었으며, 봄철에는 쑥-뚝새풀이 1.6%, 여름철은 망초가 2.7%이었다. 또한 여름철에는 울대습지 면적 중 1.7%가 버드나무이었으며, 건조지역가 일부 관찰된 것을 보아 일부 지역에서 육상화가 진행되어 식생관리가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다.
식물군집구조에서 초본군집은 조사구 11개소이었으며, 우점종은 대체로 습윤지성 초종으로 사마귀풀, 물피가 우점하였다. 그러나 건조지성 초종이며 외래종인 망초는 여름철 조사구 5에서 우점하였으며, 일부 조사구에서도 관리대상종이 관찰되었다. 봄철에는 조사구 3-1, 4, 5, 8, 9-1, 9-2에서 관리대상종인 망초, 미국가막사리, 버드나무 등이 관찰되었고 여름철에는 조사구 4, 5, 7, 8에서 출현하였다. 이를 통해 조사구 4, 5 지역은 탐방로에 인접하여 교란위험이 높았으며 울대습지 내 육상화가 진행되는 것으로 판단되었다.
동물생태구조에서 야생조류는 소형조류 및 산새가 우점하여 물새와 맹금류를 주요종으로 보았다. 봄철 물새는 2과 3종, 여름철 맹금류 2과 3종, 물새 3과 5종이 출현한 반면, 가을?겨울철은 대체로 산림성 소형조류가 관찰되었다. 봄?여름철에는 백로과, 오리류 등의 물새와 보호종 붉은배새매 등 맹금류가 출현하였으나 다른 계절에는 관찰되지 않았는데, 이는 충분한 물 공급이 이루어지지 못해 수위 확보가 어려웠던 것으로 보인다. 그 결과, 양서류 출현이 낮았으며 이를 먹이로 하는 물새와 맹금류의 출현에 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다.
양서류는 북방산개구리, 청개구리 등 총 4종이 관찰되었으며 다양한 서식환경을 이루고 있는 대상지 특성상 다양한 종이 서식, 산란, 동면하기에 적절한 환경인 것으로 보였다. 또한 울대습지는 0∼80cm까지 수위를 확보하고 있어 서식이 가능하였다. 잠자리목은 총 6과 24종 출현하였으며 흔한 아시아실잠자리, 밀잠자리가 우점하였다. 주로 산지 내 습지에 출현하는 먹줄왕잠자리, 마아키측범잠자리와 묵논습지에 출현하는 황등색실잠자리, 노란실잠자리, 참실잠자리도 관찰되었다.
분류군별 종 다양성이 높았는데, 대상지의 특성상 산림, 계곡부, 묵논습지, 논 등 다양한 환경으로 구성되어있었다. 특히 양서류 및 잠자리의 서식처 및 산란처로 부들, 창포, 골풀 등의 생육도 다양한 종 출현의 영향요인으로 판단된다. 또한 수심이 얕은 산지 내 묵논 습지에서 서식하는 멸종위기야생생물 Ⅱ급인 꼬마잠자리의 서식도 기대되었다.
울대습지 보전공사 적정성 검토는 기 수립된 사업내용을 산지습지의 복원관리원칙을 활용하여 적절히 수행되었는지 검토하였다. 계획단계는 각 공간별 복원계획 수립을 위해 관리지역 재설정과 복원 목표설정이 필요하였다. 실행단계는 체계적이지 못한 공사가 문제점으로 지적되었다. 대상지에 적합하지 않은 규모의 탐조시설과 자동 해설시스템 등에 개선이 필요하였으며, 완충 공간 확보가 필요하였다. 복원 이후 관리계획에 대해 수립되지 않았다. 적정성 검토결과 야생동물 서식환경을 고려한 유역권 설정과 분류군별 모니터링 실시, 복원 목표종 설정, 관리지역 검토 및 재설정, 완충지역 확보, 시설 축소가 필요하였다.
울대습지의 생태적 조성 및 관리방안에 대해서는 첫 번째, 관리구역 설정을 하였다. 재설정한 핵심지역은 물새 출현지역과 둠벙 및 수로를 중심으로 하고 완충지역 확보를 하였다. 기존 전이지역은 핵심지역과 가까워 다양한 종이 출현하는 다른 지역으로 재설정 하였다. 두 번째 목표종 선정을 하였는데 선호하는 서식환경과 출현현황을 고려하였다. 핵심지역에서 물새와 북방산개구리, 먹줄왕잠자리, 완충지역에서 백로류, 딱다구리류, 무당개구리, 꼬마잠자리, 전이지역은 산림성 소형조류와 노란실잠자리로 선정하였다. 분류군별 목표종을 위해 적합한 서식환경 조성이 필요할 것이다.
울대습지는 현재 물 공급이 가장 큰 문제이었으며 이에 따른 버드나무림으로의 천이를 방지하기 위해 농경작 유지를 제안하였다. 농경작을 유지함으로서 습지 전체에 물 공급과 수위확보를 하고 야생생물 서식처로서 습지기능이 유지될 것으로 보인다. 그 외 습지지역 조성, 주기적인 식생관리, 유역권 설정 후 완충지역 확보, 도입된 시설물 축소, 지속적인 모니터링 등이 필요하였다.
울대습지의 생물다양성 증진을 위해 특히 잠자리목의 서식환경 관리에 집중하여야 할 것이다. 잠자리목은 먹이원으로서 울대습지 내 양서류부터 맹금류 출현까지 영향을 미쳤으며, 이를 위해 생산자인 습지식생과 수 환경이 뒷받침되어야 할 것이다.
키워드: 논 경작, 적정성 검토, 유역권 관리, 생물 서식처, 습지관리

This study of a scheme for the management of abandoned rice paddy field wetlands in mountain for enhancing habitat function of odonata in the Uldae Wetland in Bukhansan National Park. The location characteristics and environmental ecological characteristics of the Uldae Wetland were grasped through literature review and field investigation. And the propriety of project stages was reviewed from master plan to construction. The propriety was reviewed according to guideline for the scheme of wetland restoration and management presented by Jang(2013). And a scheme of improvement and management was presented after the review.
this examined studies on wetland restoration and management, the habitat characteristics of appearing wild animals, and ecosystem characteristics of abandoned rice paddy field in mountain. And with regard to site to investigate, the Uldae Wetland in Bukhansan National Park close to Seoul was selected. The existing project management plan was reviewed. And ecosystem characteristics inside the Uldae Wetland basin was grasped. And with regard to the physical environment of the Uldae Wetland, geographical features and water environment was analyzed. And in order to grasp relation between species living in wetland environment, plant ecology, wildbirds, amphibians, odonata and the like were examined.
With regard to physical environment, among geographical features, the Uldae Wetland and the neighborhood inside the basin was a gently sloping area(5∼15°). And 64.0% of basin faced the north. With regard to water environment, the Uldae Wetland was wetland of rainfed paddy field depending on precipitation and the system of stream flowing into the wetland from valley. The wetland was composed of two puddles and 8 small wetlands. It was understood that the above-mentioned the Uldae Wetland was a terraced abandoned rice paddy field made in gently sloping geographical features, and there was a seasonal limit to the supply of water for the wetland. If water is not continuously supplied and if the amount of daylight is not ensured, it is predicted that terrestrialization inside the Uldae Wetland will be accomplished.
According to the results of examining flora in plant ecology, in general, they were herbaceous wetland species. And a total of 64 taxa belonging to 31 families, 55 species, 8 varieties, and 1 forma and 4 naturalized species were observed. Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa crusgalli, Leersia japonica, weeds in rice paddy and Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis, and the like, an introduced species, were selected as species subject to management. Alopecurus aequalis var. amurensis, Aneilema japonicum, Juncus effusus var. decipiens, Salix koreensis and the like appearing in an abandoned rice paddy field were observed. In the Uldae Wetland, succession was in progress. And it was necessary to manage vegetation and water environment.
88.6% of existing plants inside the Uldae Wetland basin was a forest in the mountain. And Quercus spp. community and Pinus densiflora community accounted for 64.6% of that, and was dominant.
Except for that, Salix koreensis community was distributed. And it is thought that succession progressed after cultivation was stopped as the corresponding area was a rice paddy in the past. When the existing vegetation in the Uldae Wetland was examined, it was generally a wet area. However, some dry areas were observed. In spring, Artemisia selengensis-Alopecurus aequalis var. amurensis accounted for 1.6%. And in summer, Erigeron canadensis accounted for 2.7%. And in summer, Salix koreensis accounted for 1.7% of the Uldae Wetland area. It is thought that, seeing dry area and the young tree of Salix koreensis was observed, terrestrialization was in progress in some parts of area, and it was necessary to manage vegetation.
In case of considering herbaceous community structure in plant community structure, with regard to dominant species at 11 plots, Aneilema japonicum and Echinochloa crus-galli, herbaceous wetland species, was dominant. However, in spring, at plot 3-1, 4, 5, 8. 9-1, and 9-2, Erigeron canadensis, Bidens frondosa, Salix koreensis, and the like, species subject to management, were observed. And in summer, they appeared at plot 4, 5, 7, and 8. As a result, because an area at which plot 4 and 5 was located was adjacent to a trail, there was especially high disturbance risk, and it was thought that partial terrestrialization inside the Uldae Wetland was in progress.
In the status of appearing faunae in the Uldae Wetland, with regard to wildbirds, Small birds and forest birds were dominant due to the characteristics of the site. Accordingly, waterfowls and raptors were regarded as principal species. With regard to the status of appearing principal species, in spring, 3 species of waterfowls belonging to 2 families were observed, and in summer, 3 species of raptors belonging to 2 families, and 5 species of waterfowls belonging to 3 families, and in autumn, Small birds and urban adapted species in general. And in winter, 1 species of raptors belonging to 1 family was found by investigation. In spring?summer, waterfowls such as herons, ducks and raptors, a protected species, appeared. On the other hand, it was impossible to be observed in the other seasons. The reason is thought to be that, because water level could not be ensured due to a seasonal limit, the number of appearing amphibians was small, therefore waterfowls and raptors preying on this didn''t appear.
With regard to amphibians, a total of 4 species such as Rana dybowskii and Hyla japonica were observed. And it seemed to be the environment suitable for various species living, laying eggs, and hibernating due to the characteristics of site. Besides, there was wetland at various water levels from 0 to 80cm. Accordingly, it was possible for various species to appear. However, there was a seasonal limit to the supply of water. With regard to Odonata, a total of 24 species belonging to 6 families appeared. And common Ischnura asiatica and Orthetrum albistylum was dominant. Except for that, Anax nigrofasciatus and Anisogomphus maacki appearing at wetland in mountain and Mortonagrion selenion, Ceriagrion melanurum, Coenagrion johanssoni, and the like appearing in abandoned rice paddy field were observed.
Biodiversity according to taxon was high. And due to the characteristics of site, it was composed of diverse environment such as wetland in mountain, abandoned rice paddy field, and rice paddy. And it seems to be due to the effect of appearing Typha orientalis, Acorus calamus var. angustatus, Juncus effusus var. decipiens, Sparganium stoloniferum, and Spirodela polyrrhiza community, the vegetation environment which amphibians and odonata especially prefers. Besides, it was possible to expect that Nannophya pygmaea, endangered wildlife grade Ⅱ, which lives in abandoned rice paddy field in mountain, where water is shallow, would live.
In reviewing the propriety of preservation construction of the Uldae Wetland, we reviewed whether the already established contents of project were properly executed by utilizing the restoration and management principle of wetland in mountain (Jaehoon Jang, 2013). And a part requiring an improvement was found out. In planning stage, basin setup and sufficient monitoring according to taxon was not accomplished. And it was necessary to reexamine management area and set a goal of restoration in establishing a restoration plan according to each space. In implementation stage, restoration in a large perspective was required, which restored and managed an ecosystem inside the basin. And unsystematic construction work was pointed out as the point at issue. Besides, with regard to the introduction of 2-story and open bird-watching facilities and automatic recognition explanation system, it was necessary to be replaced with analog bird-watching facilities. On the whole, the consideration of wild animal living was insufficient. And it was necessary to ensure a buffer zone in order to minimize a disturbance effect. According to results of the above-mentioned propriety review, it was essential to establish a basin in consideration of wild animal living environment. And after the basin was established, it was necessary to carry out monitoring according to taxon, to set a goal of restoration and target species, to reexamine and re-establish the management area, to ensure the buffer zone, and to reduce the size of facilities.
A management district was reviewed and then was re-established for a scheme of managing and ecologically creating the Uldae Wetland. The re-established key area was around a water bird-appearing area and watercourse and puddle for maintaining the wetland, and was kept away from flexible transition area. It was necessary to ensure a buffer zone in order to carry out a buffer function sufficiently. Besides, the existing flexible transition area was close to key area. Accordingly, it was necessary to be moved to another area. And a new area where various species appeared was re-established. Second, target species were selected. the preferred habitat and appearing status was considered. In key area, Spot-billed duck, Mandarin duck, and herons, a water bird, and Rana dybowskii and Anax nigrofasciatus was selected. And in buffer zone, Woodpecker, Bombina orientalis, and Nannophya pygmaea was selected. And in flexible transition area, a small bird, and Ceriagrion melanurum was selected. It will be necessary to create various habitats for target species according to taxon.
In the Uldae Wetland, at present, the supply of water is the biggest issue. In order to prevent consequent succession to willow forest, agricultural cultivation was suggested. By maintaining agricultural cultivation, it was presumed that water could be supplied to all wetland, and water level could be ensured, and a wetland function as home to wildlife could be maintained. Except for that, wetland area creation, periodic vegetation management, ensuring a buffer zone after establishing a basin, reduction in the introduced facilities, and continuous monitoring was suggested.
In particular, it should be focused on the management of habitat for biodiversity enhancement of odonata of the Uldae wetlands.
Odonatas are influence from amphibians to Raptor emerged as a food source. And for this, the producer of wetland vegetation and aquatic environment will have to be supported.
Keyword: Rice Paddy cultivation, Adequacy Review, Basin Management, Biological Habitat, Wetland Management