아토피 피부염(Atopic dermatitis)은 심각한 소양감(pruritus), 홍반(erythma), 부종(edema), 삼출(exudation), 가피(scab), 인설(scale), 태선화(lichenification) 등을 특징으로하는 염증성 피부질환으로 재발률이 높고, 유전적 요인(Genetic dysfunction), 식품 알러젠(Food allergen), 환경적 요인(Environmental factors) 등에 의해 유발하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 아토피 피부염의 원인인 알러젠을 검색하기 위해 전통적으로 피부자극시험(Allergy skin prick test)과 항체농도측정법(Allergy-specific IgE antibody test)이 알려져 있으며, 최근에는 IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 형질전환마우스(Transgenic mice) 등의 새로운 기술들이 소개되고 있다. 한편, 아토피 피부염을 치료하기 위한 치료제로서 코티코스테로이드(Corticosteroid), 면역조절제(Immunomodulator) 등이 사용되고 있으나 식욕증가, 우울증(depression), 고혈당(Hyperglycemia), 위궤양(Stomach ulcer) 등의 부작용을 유발하는 것으로 알려져있다. 이러한 문제를 극복하기 위해 최근에는 생강과 식물인 추두구(Alpinia katsumadai Hayata), 대회향(Illicium vercum), 떡갈나무잎 고사리(Drynaria fortunei) 등의 천연물을 이용한 아토피 피부염 치료연구가 급격히 증가하고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 새로운 알러젠 검색모델동물인 IL-4/Luc/CN-1 형질전환마우스를 이용하여 아토피 피부염에 대한 천연물 치료제로서 맥문동과 홍문동의 효능을 정량적으로 평가하고, 포름알데히드가 아토피 피부염에 미치는 위해성을 평가하고자 하였다. 첫째, 염증, 당뇨, 신경성 질환, 비만 그리고 천식 등에 대한 다양한 효능을 갖는 것으로 알려진 맥문동(Liriope Platyphylla)이 아토피 피부염에 미치는 효능을 정량적으로 평가하기 위해 4주 동안 맥문동 유수추출물(AEtLP)과 Phthalic anhydride (PA)를 투여한 IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 형질전환 마우스에서 면역글로불린(Ig)E의 농도분석, 생물발광(Bioluminescence) 분석, 사이토카인 발현분석 등을 실시하였다. 그 결과, luciferase 신호는 PA+Vehicle 마우스의 복부와 흉선, 이자, 그리고 턱밑 림프절에서 강하게 관찰되었으나 AEtLP의 투여에 의해 유의적으로 감소하였다. 또한, 귀의 두께, 림프절 무게, IgE 농도, 비만세포의 침투은 PA+Vehicle 처리군에서 증가하였지만 AEtLP의 처리에 의해 감소하였다. 이러한 억제효과를 정략적으로 측정한 결과에서도 AEtLP의 처리는 luciferase 신호를 47-68% 정도 감소시키는 효과를 나타내었으며, 일반적인 AD표현형의 분석에서 평가된 지표들은 39-72%정도의 억제효과를 나타내어 매우 유사하게 나타났다. 둘째, 증숙과정을 통해 다양한 생리활성물질이 증가되는 것으로 보고된 홍문동(Red Liriope Platyphylla)의 아토피 피부염에 미치는 치료효과를 분석하기 위해 4주간 PA와 홍문동 유수추출물(AEtRLP)을 IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 형질전환 마우스를 처리한 후 그 효능을 위와 동일한 방법으로 분석하였다. 그 결과, 증숙과정을 통해 제조된 홍문동은 높은 동도의 total phenolic compounds와 total flavonoid를 함유하고 있었으며, 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HNE)의 함량이 증가됨을 확인하였다. 또한, PA+Vehicle 처리군에서 증가된 luciferase 신호는 PA+AEtRLP 처리군에서 유의적으로 감소하였고, 이러한 억제효과는 귀의 두께, IgE의 농도, 턱밑 림프절의 무게, 표피와 진피의 두께, 지방세포의 수, 비만세포의 침투에서도 동일하게 관찰되었다. 더불어, 아토피 피부염과 연관된 사이토카인인 IL-6와 VEGF의 발현도 PA+Vehicle 그룹에서 증가하였으나 PA+AEtRLP 처리그룹에서 감소하였다. 이러한 감소효과의 정량적 평가결과에 luciferase 신호는 AEtRLP 처리에 의해 26~51% 정도 감소되었으며, 일반적 AD표현형은 27~51% 정도 감소되는 것을 확인되었다. 셋째, 일반적으로 소독제나 산업용으로 많이 사용되는 포름알데히드 (Formaldehyde, FA)의 유해성을 평가하기 위하여 IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 형질전환 마우스에 2주간 저농도(4%)의 FA를 반복적으로 처리하고, luciferase 신호와 AD의 표현형을 비교분석하였다. 그 결과, FA를 처리한 그룹에서 턱밑 림프절의 luciferase 신호가 높게 나타났으며, 귀 두께, 림프절 무게, 표피와 진피의 두께, 비만세포의 침투 등이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 또한, 전염증반응성 사이토카인인 IL-6의 발현양이 높아지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 억제효과에 대한 정량적 분석에서도 luciferase 신호는 61-84% 증가하였으며, 일반적인 AD표현형은 50-78% 증가하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 따라서, 이상의 결과들은 맥문동과 홍문동이 PA에 의해 유도된 아토피 피부염에 우수한 치료효능이 있음을 제시하고 있을뿐만 아니라 IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 형질전환 마우스를 이용한 luciferase 신호분석 결과가 대부분의 일반적인 표현형 결과를 효과적으로 반영할 수 있음을 제시하고 있다. 또한, 저농도의 포름알데히드의 반복적인 투여는 아토피 피부염을 유발할 수 있으며, 이러한 반응에 IL-4유전자가 관여함을 보여주고 있다. 이상의 결과로부터 맥문동과 홍문동의 아토피 피부염치료제로 개발될 가능성이 높으며, IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 형질전환 마우스는 알러젠의 검색과 치료제 효능평가에 유용하게 사용될 수 있음을 보여주고 있다.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is defined as an inflammatory, relapsing, non-contagious and skin disorder. AD is traditionally characterized by dry and scaly skin, intensely itchy red, splotch skin in particularly arms, leg, face and neck. Although AD is considered idiopathic disease, there are suspected three major causes including genetic dysfunction, food allergens and environmental factors. To screen allergens inducing AD, several methods such as the allergy skin prick test and the allergy-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody test are being used in the clinical context. However, the traditional in vivo screening methods have limit in aspects of time consuming and accuracy. Recently, we have developed IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 Transgenic mice (Tg) as an animal model to evaluate immune response. In this study, we suggested IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 Tg mice for testing AD-inducing allergens. Furthermore, therapeutic and preventive effects of herbal medicines on AD were examined. The herbal plants and medicinal foods have recently received increased attention as novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of AD and its related diseases. In an effort to investigate drugs for the treatment of AD and quantify their effects, we investigated the therapeutic effects of novel herbal medicine on phthalic anhydride (PA)-induced AD mice. Among various herbal medicines, Liriope platyphylla (LP) and Red Liriope platyphylla (RLP) have been selected as candidates because a variety of previous pharmacological studies have suggested the beneficial biological effects on inflammation, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorder, obesity, and atopic dermatitis. First of all, in order to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of LP (AEtLP) on AD, ear phenotype, IgE concentration, cytokine expression levels and bioluminescence were analyzed in IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 Tg mice. As a result, a strong luciferase signal was detected in the abdominal region of IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 Tg mice in PA+Vehicle treated group which was significantly reduced when cotreated with AEtLP. Among the tested organs, the thymus, pancreas, and submandibular lymph node (SLN), showed a high signal response to PA treatment. Furthermore, common allergenic responses including increases in ear thickness, lymph node weight, IgE concentration, and infiltrated mast cells were detected in the mice treated with PA. While these responses were dramatically decreased by AEtLP treatment for 2 weeks (27-51%). Second, to quantitatively evaluate the therapeutic effect of RLP on AD using a luciferase reporter system, alterations in the luciferase signal and atopic phenotypes were measured in PA treated IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 Tg mice with or without RLP aqueous extract (AEtRLP) for 4 weeks. RLP prepared by the steaming process containing high concentration of phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HNE). Consistently with previous study, the high level of luciferase signal was induced in the abdominal region, SLN, MLN, thymus and pancreas by PA and this signal was significantly decreased by 39-68% in PA+AEtRLP treated group. Furthermore, the enhancement of the general phenotypic responses for AD including ear thickness, lymph node weight, IgE concentration, epidermis thickness, mast cells infiltration were recovered by 37-67% in the PA+AEtRLP treated group. Third, we evaluated whether the IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 Tg mouse is a proper animal model to screen AD-inducing allergen. The mice were exposed with 4% of formaldehyde (FA), a representative AD inducing allergen, for 2 weeks. The high level of luciferase signal was detected in the abdominal region of body and SLN in FA treated mice. Also, the general phenotype biomarkers such as ear thickness, IgE concentration, thickness of epidermis and dermis, infiltration of inflammatory cells and IL-6 expression were significantly increased in FA treated group compared with AOO treated group. Taken together, all above results suggested that AEtLP and AEtRLP treatment effectively suppressed the symptoms of AD induced by repeatedly dermal treatment of PA. Also, allergenic responses as well as the therapeutic effects of AEtLP and AEtRLP in IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 Tg mice were successfully quantified by luciferase signal, suggesting that IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 Tg mouse is a sensitive animal model to test AD-inducing allergens without euthanasia or sacrificing animals.
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 11. Background knowledge about AD 11.1 Prevalence ratio of AD patients 31.2 Causes and symptoms of AD 31.2.1. Causes of AD 31.2.2. Symptoms of AD 71.3. Profiles of cytokines involved in AD 102. Diagnosis and treatment of AD 112.1. Strategies for AD diagnosis 112.2. Strategies for AD treatment 122.3. Natural medicines for treatment 17Ⅱ. MATERIALS AND METHODS 181. Preparation of AEtLP and AEtRLP 182. Analysis of composition and bioactive compounds in LP and RLP 193. Care and use of IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 Tg mice 204. Experimental design 235. Bioluminescence imaging and data analysis 256. Measurement of body, tissue weight and ear thickness 257. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of serum IgE concentration 268. Histological analysis 278.1. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining 278.2. Toluidine blue staining 279. Reverse-transcriptase (RT-PCR) analysis 2810. Western blot 2911. Statistical analysis 30Ⅲ. RESULTS 311. Composition of AEtLP 312. Therapeutic effect of LP on AD 312.1. Effects of AEtLP treatment on body weight of mice 312.2. Quantifying therapeutic effect of AEtLP treatment in IL-4/Luc/CNS-1 Tg mice treated with PA 352.3 Comparison between luciferase signal and allergic response 372.3.1. Effects of AEtLP treatment on ear thickness and morphology 372.3.2. Effect of AEtLP treatment on weight of lymph node and IgE concentration 402.3.3. Effect of AEtLP treatment on ear histology 462.3.4. Effect of AEtLP treatment on infiltration of mast cells 462.3.5. Effect of AEtLP treatment on cytokine expression 472.3.6 Comparison between luciferase signal and general AD phenotypes on the therapeutic effect of AEtLP 553. Therapeutic effect of RLP on AD 553.1. Composition and functional components of RLP 553.2. Quantifying the therapeutic effect of AEtRLP treatment using the luciferase reporter system 563.3. Therapeutic effect of AEtRLP on the general AD phenotypes 583.3.1. Analysis for ear thickness and morphology 643.3.2. Analysis for the weight of lymph nodes and IgE concentration3.3.3. Analysis for ear histology 673.3.4. Analysis for the infiltration of mast cells 703.3.5. Analysis for the cytokine expression 753.4. Comparison between luciferase signal and general AD phenotypes on the therapeutic effect of AEtRLP 784. Risk assessment of FA 784.1. Quantifying luciferase signal under the control of IL-4 promoter after the exposure of low dose FA 784.2. Effects of low dose FA exposure on the ear thickness and morphology 804.3. Effect of low dose FA exposure on the organ weight and IgE concentration 814.4. Histological alteration of ear tissue after low dose FA exposure 874.5. Effects of low dose FA exposure on the cytokine expression 87Ⅳ. DISCUSSION 921. Precautionary and therapeutic effects of AEtLP on AD 922. Therapeutic effects of AEtRLP on AD 953. Risk assessment of FA 97Ⅴ. REFERENCES 100SUMMARY (In Korean) 113Curriculum Vitae 117Acknowledgement 125