(초록) 본 연구에서 역병(Phytophthora capsici), 풋마름병(Ralstonia solanacearum), 세균성점무늬병(Xanthomonas campestris)에 대한 복합저항성 웅성불임계 육종을 연구를 수행하였다. 역병-풋마름병 복합저항성 GMS계통을 만들기 위해 역병저항성 GMS계통과 역병-풋마름병 저항성 육성계통, 양강4호를 2009년에 교배하여 2010년도에 F2집단을 획득을 하였다. 2011년에는 ‘코네시안핫’ 대목에서 분리한 높은 병원성을 가진 역병균주를 접종하여 역병 저항성 개체들을 선발하였다. 교배에 사용한 계통들은 높은 저항성수준이기 때문에 일반적으로 F2집단은 높은 저항성을 나타내었다. 그리고 선발된 F2 개체들은 다시 풋마름병 발병한 포장에 이식을 하였다. 풋마름병에 생존한 개체 중 웅성불임인 개체들을 품질계와 세균성점무늬병 저항성 계통들과 교배를 하기 위해 온실로 옮겨 심었다. 그밖에 남아 있는 가임성 계통은 F3집단을 만들기 위해 그 자리에서 자식을 시켰다. 2012년도에 F3집단을 다시 PR계 품종에서 분리한 역병균주를 사용하여 평가를 실시하였다. 2013, 2014년에 A1 군의 F4, F5집단과 A2군의 F3, F4에 선발과정을 실시하여 복합저항성 웅성불임계를 육성하여 내병성 육종하는데 역병, 세균성점무늬병, 풋마름병 복합성 저항성재료로 사용 할 수 있도록 만들었다. 한편, 풋마름병 저항성 자원을 찾기 위해 Rs005, Rs006, Rs010균주를 30개 유전자원에 접종하여 저항성을 평가하였다. KC00121, KC00355, KC00359, KC01051, KC01052, KC01260, KC01261, KC01263 자원들은 이미 세계적으로 저항성계통으로 잘 알려진 MC4의 저항성수준과 유사했다. 병 발생은 풋마름병 균주 뿐만 아니라 계통간의 유의한 차이를 나타내었고 계통과 균주 간에 높은 상호작용 효과를 보였다. 세포질웅성불임성(CMS)의 임성회복유전자(Rf)를 검증하기 위해 선발된 개체들을 CMS-A(풍각-A)에 교배를 통해서 그 F1의 임성을 확인 하였다. 그래서 KC00355, KC00359, KC01051, KC01052, KC01260, KC01261, KC01263개체들은 웅성불임을 유지하는 CMS-B (Nrfrf)이고 반면에 KC00121는 임성 회복유전자를 갖고 있는 CMS-C (N(S)RfRf )였다. 더불어 2011년에 세균성점무늬병 저항성 재료를 찾기 위해 세균성점무늬병균(Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria)을 유전자원에 접종하여 저항성을 평가하였다. 그 결과 저항성수준이 우수한 몇 계통들을 선발하였고 2013년에 다시 재확인하였다. 이 연구로부터 나온 결과와 정보에 기초하여 전국 6개 지역에서 수집한 67개 세균성 점무늬병 균주의 Race를 판별하였다. 이 연구에 ECW의 Near Isogenic lines (NILs)인 ECW 10R, 20R, 30R, 칠성초, PI235047을 판별 기주로 사용해서 Race를 판별하였다. Race P1이 가장 많았고 그 다음은 P3, P7, P8순으로 관찰되었다. 한국에는 P1, P3있다고 선행연구에서 보고 되었지만 이번 연구에서 Race P7, P8을 새롭게 발견하였다. Capsicum annuum이면서 세균성점무늬병에 대한 고도 저항성인 KC939개체를 새롭게 발견하였고 그 개체는 Bs2유전자를 가지면서 과민형 저항성(Hypersensitive Resistance)을 보였다. 그리고 KC939의 원예적인 형질과 영양성분함량을 조사 기록하였다.
Breeding Phytophthora Blight, Bacterial Wilt and Bacterial Spot Resistant Male Sterile Lines of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Khin Pa Pa Wai Department of Horticulture Graduate School, Kyungpook National University Daegu, Korea (Supervised by Professor Byung-Soo Kim)
(Abstract) Maintenance of Male sterile lines and breeding of multiple disease resistant male sterile lines to Phytophthora blight, bacterial wilt and bacterial spot diseases were conducted. A cross between a Phytophthora resistant GMS line and a Phytophthora-Ralstonia resistant breeding line was made in 2009 to breed Phytophthora-Ralstonia resistant GMS lines. F2 seeds were obtained in 2010. In 2011, the F2 population was screened for resistance to a highly virulent Phytophthora capsici strain Pc017, which was originally isolated from a diseased plant of rootstock variety, Konesian Hot. The F2 population showed high resistance in general because both parents of the cross were resistant. The selected F2 plants were transplanted to Ralstonia solanacearum infested field. Among the surviving plants some male sterile plants were transferred to the greenhouse bed for crossing with some quality lines and bacterial spot resistant lines (A2 group). Remaining male fertile plants were maintained to produce F3 seeds. In 2012, those F3 generations were again evaluated for resistance to P. capsici, Pc018, which was isolated from a resistant commercial cultivar. F4 seeds were secured from the surviving plants (A1 group). The F1 generations derived from A2 group were also raised to increase F2 seeds. In 2013 and 2014 the same evaluation and selection processes were done for F4 and F5 generations of A1 group and F3 and F4 generations of A2 groups. Phytophthora blight, bacterial spot and bacterial wilt resistant male sterile lines were developed to use as maternal parent lines for breeding program. On the other hand, thirty selected genetic resources were evaluated for their resistance to three strains (Rs005, Rs006, and Rs010) of the bacterial wilt pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum. KC00121, KC00355, KC00359, KC01051, KC01052, KC01260, KC01261, and KC01263 showed a similar level of resistance as MC4 (KC00350), the worldly known source of resistance. On the basic of disease scoring by 1-5 disease scale, disease reaction showed significant difference among accessions as well as in the virulence of R. solanacearum strains. ---------------------------------------- *A thesis submitted to the Council of the Graduate School of Kyungpook National University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in June 2014
Moreover, high interaction effects between the accessions and the bacterial strains were observed. Nuclear genotypes of restorer-of-fertility locus for the cytoplasmic male sterility of the accessions were identified by crossing them to a cytoplasmic male sterile line, Punggok-A (Srfrf) and examining the male fertility of the resultant F1 plants. KC00355, KC00359, KC01051, KC01052, KC01260, KC01261, and KC01263 were found to be maintainers of the Nrfrf genotype, whereas KC00121 was a restorer of fertility with the N(S)RfRf genotype. Evaluation of genetic resources against bacterial spot disease was done in 2011. Some promising lines with high resistance level were selected and confirmation study was again carried out in 2013. On the basis of information and results received from the study, race identification of 67 isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) collected from various regions belonging to 6 provinces of Korea was conducted. Near Isogenic lines (NILs) of ECW, Chilseong NILs and PI235047 were used as differential hosts. Race P1 was found to be predominant followed by race P7 while P3 and P8 were also observed. Race P7 and P8 are newly-identified in this study as only race P1 and P3 were previously reported in Korea. A Capsicum annuum accession highly resistant to bacterial spot disease, KC939, was observed and reported here as a hypersensitive resistance source carrying Bs2 gene. The horticultural characteristics and chemical composition of KC939 were also recorded.
TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES IIILIST OF FIGURES IVI. INTRODUCTION 1LITERATURE CITED 5II LITERATURE REVIEWS 10USE OF MALE STERILITY IN PEPPER HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION 10BACTERIAL SPOT DISEASE 12Early reports 12Symptom 13Causal Organism 16PHYTOPHTHORA BLIGHT DISEASE 17Early reports 17Symptom 17Causal Organism 18BACTERIAL WILT DISEASE 20Early reports 20Symptom 20Causal Organism 22LITERATURE SITED 24III. BREEDING GENIC MALE STERILE (GMS) LINES WITH MULTIPLE RESISTANT TO PHYTOPHTHORA BLIGHT AND BACTERIAL WILT 28ABSTRACT 28INTRODUCTION 29MATERIALS AND METHODS 30Test plants and breeding scheme 30Continuous Selection process with A1 Group 31Crossing for GMS resistance line of A2 Group with some quality lines 32Breeding Scheme 34Test plants preparation 35Inoculum preparation and inoculation for testing resistance to Phytophthora 36blight 36Selection of surviving plants 38RESULTS 39DISCUSSION 46LITERATURE CITED 47IV. FERTILITY-RESTORING GENOTYPE FOR CYTOPLASMIC MALE STERILITY OF SOURCES OF RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL WILT 48ABSTRACT 48INTRODUCTION 48MATERIALS AND METHODS 50Evaluation of resistance 50Restorer-of-fertility genotype identification 52Horticultural characters 53RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 53Evaluation of resistance 53Restorer-of-fertility genotype identification 55Horticultural characters 56LITERATURE CITED 60V. SEARCH FOR SOURCES OF RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL SPOT AND IDENTIFICATION OF RACES OF XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS PV. VESICATORIA IN KOREA 63ABSTRACT 63INTRODUCTION 63MATERIALS AND METHODS 65Testing genetic resources for resistance to bacterial spot disease 65Race Identification 66RESULTS 68Testing genetic resources for resistance to bacterial spot disease 68Race Identification 80DISCUSSIONS 84LITERATURE CITED 86VI. A NEW SOURCE OF HYPERSENSITIVE RESISTANCE TO XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS PV. VESICATORIA 88ABSTRACT 88INTRODUCTION 89MATERIALS AND METHODS 90Inoculum preparation and infiltration 90Inheritance of resistance R gene from new source of HR 91Allelism Test 92Evaluation for Phytophthora resistance in F3 generation of KC939 and Yanggang No. 4 92Horticultural characteristics and chemical composition of KC939 93RESULTS 93Inheritance of hypersensitive resistance in KC939 93Allelism Test 96Evaluation for Phytophthora resistance in F3 generation of KC939 and Yanggang No. 4 99Horticultural characteristics and Chemical composition of new source of resistance, KC939 99DISCUSSION 103LITERATURE CITED 104APPENDIX 106ABSTRACT 115ABSTRACT (KOREAN) 118