공동주택의 단열성에 관한 분석 및 단열보강 적용에 관한 연구 :(An) Analysis of Thermal Insulation and a Study of Application of Reinforced Insulation in Apartment Houses

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자료유형: 학위논문

저자정보: 박정훈 (공주대학교, 공주대학교 대학원)

지도교수: 김봉주

발행연도: 2014

저작권: 공주대학교 논문은 저작권에 의해 보호받습니다.

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건물외피의 단열은 최근 에너지절약 차원의 경제적인 측면에서 뿐만 아니라, 쾌적한 거주공간의 확보 및 환경보전의 차원에서도 그 중요성이 크게 부각되고 있다. 이러한 건물외피의 실제적인 단열성능에 대한 평가를 위해서는 건물의 준공 전에 이루어지는 설계도서에 의한 사전평가와 함께 시공 중 및 준공후의 실제건물을 대상으로 하여 중간 및 사후평가가 체계적으로 이루어져야 한다. 또한 준공 후 일정기간이 경과한 다음에 발생할 수 있는 열적결함 및 열성능저하에 대해 현장에서 이를 파악하고 분석, 평가할 수 있는 보다 정량화된 단열성능 평가기법 및 시스템의 개발은 에너지절약적인 측면에서 뿐만 아니라 쾌적한 거주공간의 확보라는 측면에서 매우 중요한 당면과제라 할 수 있다. 그러나 국내의 경우, 건물외피의 단열성능은 단순히 지역에 따른 건물 부위별 단열재 두께와 열관류율만을 제시하고 있는 현행 건축법의 단열기준에 따라 도면검토를 통한 이론적인 열관류율 계산과 단위부재에 대한 실험실에서의 열관류율 시험결과로 평가되고 있으며, 현장에서의 부실시공이나 건물경년변화에 따른 접합부등 특정부위의 구조체와 단열재의 결함 및 열화로 인하여 발생할 수 있는 실제건물의 단열성능저하에 대해서는 전혀 고려하고 있지 못하다. 그리고 준공되어 사용하고 있는 건물의 경우 단열 성능을 평가할 평가기법이 개발되어 있지 못한 상태이며, 특히 준공 사용하고 있는 건물의 경우에는 신축건물에 비해 시공 단열기준이 낮은 상태에서 시공되었고, 사용기간에 따라 여러 가지 이유로 단열성능이 저하될 수 있다고 볼 수 있다. 현재 건축물의 단열에 대한 연구는 신축 건물에 적용할 수 있는 것들에 관하여 진행 되는 것이 대부분이다.
그러나 막대한 에너지를 사용하는 기존건물들은 시공 시 부터 단열기준 및 시공의 정밀도가 현재와 비교하여 훨씬 낮았다. 또한 준공 후 많은 기간의 경과로 인한 성능저하 등에 의하여 단열의 보강이 필요한 실정이다.
그러나 이를 위해서는 기 시공된 건축물의 현재 단열상태의 평가가 우선되어야 하며고, 그에 따른 적절한 단열보수보강이 필요하다. 현재 단열상태를 평가하는 방법이나 연구가 매우 미진한 상태이며, 일부 단열성능평가에 대한 연구가 다소 진행되고는 있으나 실용화가 되어 있지 않는 실정이다. 이는 비정상 상태에서 정밀한 열류측정을 통한 평가이므로 현장에서의 측정 및 분석이 어렵기 때문이다. 그러나 대상건물의 양적, 측정 방법의 적용성, 현장의 상황 등을 고려하면 약간의 오차는 있더라도 보다 손쉬운 방법이 필요하다. 즉, 비교적 오차가 적으면서도 신속성과 편리성을 겸비한 단열성능평가 기법을 개발하고 이를 바탕으로 한 보수보강에 관한 연구가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 단열 성능 저하 및 보수보강에 필요한 기초자료를 만들기 위하여 천안지역 아파트 외벽을 적외선 열화상 카메라를 이용하여 외기온 변화에 따른 외표면 온도분포 및 변화를 측정 분석하여 단열성능평가하고, 외측벽에 단열보강을 실시하여 단열을 비교분석 하는데 그 목적이 있다.
공동주택 건축물의 외벽 온도분포 조사와 공동주택 외벽실험체 모델의 단열
성 평가 실험을 통하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출할 수 있었다.

1. 조사한 공동주택 대부분 외벽에서 낮은 온도분포를 나타내었고 외벽-슬라브 교차부분에서는 높은 온도를 보이고 있다. 외벽에서는 외기온과의 온도차이가 크지 않아 단열성능이 높고, 외벽-슬라브 교차부분에서의 외기온과의 온도차이는 크게 나타나 그 부위에서 열교 현상의 발생과 열손실이 크다는 것으로 판단된다.

2. 벽체 내단열의 단열재 두께 5cm, 8cm에 따른 열성능은 5cm에서 8cm로 3cm가 두꺼워 졌으나, 실제 온도차이는 약 1∼2℃ 밖에 차이가 나지 않는다는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 그러므로 벽체 내단열의 단열재에 따른 단열성능향상은 크지 않는 것으로 판단되며, 열교부위의 차단은 어렵다고 판단된다.

3. 기존 벽체 내단열에 슬라브 및 간막이벽의 단열재 두께를 5cm, 8cm씩 슬라브와 간막이벽에 보강을 통한 열교차단 여부는 외단열의 보강여부에 따라 최대 6℃에서 최소 2℃의 차이를 보이고 있으며, 기존 벽체 내단열에 슬라브 및 간막이벽의 단열재 두께를 각각 5cm, 8cm 보강을 통한 실험에서는 열교부위의 온도차는 최대 6 ℃에서 최소 2 ℃ 의 차이를 나타내었다. 그리고 벽체 내단열 5cm, 8cm의 부착 후에 외단열의 보강 여부에 따라 최대 9 ℃ 에서 최소 3 ℃의 차이를 나타내고 있다.

4. 벽체의 내단열과 슬라브 및 간막이벽의 8cm 단열을 한 경우 외단열의 보강여부에
따라 열교부위의 온도차가 최대 13 ℃ 최소3 ℃ 차이를 나타내고 있다. 최대 13 ℃
의 온도 차이를 보이는 것으로 보아 열교현상을 차단하거나 방지 할 수 있을 것으로
판단된다. 외단열 보강 폭 5cm와 10cm의 온도차가 1 ℃이내로, 단열재 폭 5cm 이상
일 경우 폭에 따른 영향은 없는 것으로 판단되었다. 그러므로 외단열의 두께를 5cm로
하되, 슬라브 및 간막이벽과 외단열의 보강을 통한 방법이 열교현상이나 난방에너지
손실을 줄 일 수 있는 방법이라 판단된다.

The insulation of external walls in a building is significantly highlighted because of the importance in terms of economic aspects of energy savings, as ell as in terms of securing comfortable living space and environmental conservation. For the assesment of the actual thermal performance of the building’s external wall, mid- and post-assessments should be made systematically aimed at actual buildings during construction and after completion, along with pre-assessments by design drawings, which are made before completion. In addition, more quantitative techniques and systems for thermal performance assessments should be developed to identify and analyze the thermal defects and thermal degradations that may occur in the field after a certain period of time following completion. This is an important challenge in terms of energy savings, as well as in terms of ensuring a comfortable living space. In this regard, Korea also has presented insulation standards for building’s external walls under the current building code which regulates the insulation thickness and the heat transmission coefficient for parts of the building by region. And these standards are applied for the assessment results, which are obtained from the theoretical calculations of the heat transmission coefficient through a review of the drawings and through the experimental heat transmission coefficients for unit members in a laboratory. However, these standards almost consider neither the specific areas of structures and insulations, nor the defects such as joints due to poor construction or building aging, and nor the poor insulation performance of actual buildings, which can occur due to degradation. For buildings being used after completion, assesment techniques to insulating performance have been developed. Especially for buildings being used after a long period of time following completion, their insulation performance has degraded for various reasons such as low levels of construction insulation standards at the time of completion, compared to new buildings, long period of use, etc. Currently, studies on the insulation of buildings are mostly dealing with applicable things mainly to new buildings. But the existing buildings using huge energy showed much lower insulation performance and insulation accuracy, compared to the current ones. In addition, they need reinforced insulation because of a long period of use after completion and the resultant performance degradation .
To do this, however, it is preferential to conduct the assesment of the current state of insulation in buildings constructed and the appropriate repair and reinforcement of insulation. Now, methods and researches to assess the state of insulation are very insufficient in quality and quantity. Some studies for the assessment of thermal insulation performance is in progress to some extent, but they have not been put to practical use in Korea. It is because the assessment methods is an approach only through the measurement of heat flux, so they are difficult to be applied for the measurement and analysis in the field. However, considering the applicability of quantitative measurement to the building and the situation in the field, an easier approach is needed even if some errors are made. In other words, it is necessary to develop the techniques for insulation performance assessment, which ensure a low error rate and an convenient and speedy access. And based on this, studies on repair and reinforcement are required. This study was conducted among apartment houses in Cheonan, Korea. The temperature distribution and changes in their outer surfaces according to changes in outside temperature were measured and analyzed using an infrared thermal imaging camera. This study aims to assess insulation performance based on the above measurements and thus to make an comparative analysis of insulation performance by conducting reinforced insulation on outer walls. The following conclusions could be derived thorough the investigation of outer wall temperature distribution and the insulation assesment experiments using a model of specimens for the apartment houses’ outer walls.

1. Most of outer walls of the apartment houses investigated showed low temperature distribution. The external wall-slab cross-section indicated a high temperature. On the outer wall, the insulation showed high performance due to the insignificant difference, compared to outside temperature. The difference with outer temperature in the external wall?slab-cross-section was significant. Thus, this suggests that thermal bridges may occur and heat loss is greater in the area.

2. It was confirmed that for the thermal performance through the insulating material thicknesses 5cm, 8cm in walls, the thermal insulation thickened by 3cm, from 5cm to 8cm, but that the actual temperature difference reached only about 1 ~ 2 ℃. This implies that the thermal performance improvement using the thermal insulation in walls is not significant and that it is difficult to insulate the thermal bridge area.

3. For the possibility of the thermal breaking through the reinforced slab and partition wall by increasing by 5cm, 8cm the insulating material thicknesses of the slab and partition wall for the existing insulation in walls, the temperature difference showed 2 ℃(Min.) to 6℃(Max.) depending on the reinforcement of external insulation. In the experiment through increasing by 5cm, 8cm the insulating material thicknesses of the slab and partition wall for the existing insulation in walls, the temperature difference between heat bride areas indicated 2 ℃(Min.) to 6℃(Max.). Depending on the reinforcement of external insulation after attaching the insulating material thicknesses 5cm, 8cm in walls, the temperature difference showed 3 ℃(Min.) to 9℃(Max.).

4. When the insulation material thickness in walls and the insulation of the slab and partition wall was applied by 8cm, the temperature difference between heat bridge areas showed 3 ℃(Min.) to 13℃(Max.). Given the maximum temperature difference 13 ℃, it appears to be able to block or prevent heat bridges. When the insulating material thickness was applied at least 5cm wider, provided the temperature difference less than 1 ℃ between the reinforced widths 5cm, 10cm of the external temperature, the temperature was found not to be significant, suggesting no effect depending on widths. Therefore, it is considered that a method through the reinforcement of external insulation and slabs and partition walls by applying 5cm in the thickness of the external insulation thickness will prevent thermal bridges or reduce heating energy.

목 차
Ⅰ. 서 론 ··································································· 1
Ⅰ-1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 ············································· 1
Ⅰ-2. 연구의 방법 및 범위 ··············································· 3
2.1 공동주택 건축물의 실태 조사 ·········································· 3
2.2 공동주택 실험모델 실험체의 단열 성능평가 실험 ················ 3
Ⅱ. 이 론 ··································································· 4
Ⅱ-1. 단열의 개요 ······················································ 4
1.1 단열의 개요 ··························································· 4
1.2 단열의 원리 ··························································· 4
(1) 저항형 단열 ················································· 4
(2) 반사형 단열 ················································· 5
(3) 용량형 단열 ················································· 6
Ⅱ-2. 단열재의 기능 및 특성············································ 6
2.1 단열의 일반적 기능······················································· 6
2.2 단열재의 특성 ··························································· 7
2.3 공기층의 열성능 ························································· 10
Ⅱ-3. 단열재의 종류 및 시공 ············································ 11
3.1 단열재의 종류························································ 11
(1) 전통적인 단열재 ························································· 11
① 무기질 단열재 ························································· 11
② 유기질 단열재 ························································· 12
(2) 최신단열재 ································································13
① Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) ································· 13
② Gas-filled panels (GFPs) ··············································· 13
③ 에어로젤(aerogel) ··············································· 14
3.2 단열설계 및 시공의 기본원칙 ································ 15
3.3 단열 설계 ··························································· 15
3.4 단열공법의 분류 ···································· 16
(1) 내단열공법 ························· 18
(2) 외단열공법 ························· 18
Ⅱ-4. 국내 외피 열성능 관련 법규 및 단열재 두께 변화과정 · 20
4.1 건물 부위별 단열기준 ···································· 20
4.2 국내 단열기준의 변화 ·································· 21
(1) 적정 단열기준의 설정을 위한 방안 ································ 21
(2) 건물 부위별 단열기준 ·················································· 21
① 1992년 건물부위별 단열기준 ································· 22
② 2001년 건물부위별 단열기준 ································· 23
③ 2010년 건물부위별 단열기준 ································· 24
④ 2012년 건물부위별 단열기준 ································· 26
⑤ 2013년 최신 건물부위별 단열기준 ································· 29
Ⅲ. 공동주택의 건축물의 외벽 열류조사 ·················· 32
Ⅲ - 1. 조사 배경 및 목적 ············································· 32
Ⅲ - 2. 조사 범위 및 방법 ··············································· 32
Ⅲ - 3. 공동주택 건축물 외벽의 열류 상황 ······················ 34
3-1. 1991년대 준공 공동주택 ············································· 34
3-2. 1994년대 준공 공동주택 ············································· 36
3-3. 1999년대 준공 공동주택 ············································· 37
3-4. 2004년대 준공 공동주택 ············································· 38
Ⅲ - 4. 열교현상 부위 분석 ············································· 40
4-1. 1986년도 준공된 공동주택 ········································ 41
4-2. 1998년도 준공된 공동주택 ·········································· 42
4-3. 2011년도 준공된 공동주택 ·········································· 43
Ⅲ - 5. 소결 ······················································· 44
Ⅳ. 공동주택 외벽실험체 모델의 단열성 평가 실험 ·· 46
Ⅳ - 1. 실험목적 ·························································· 46
Ⅳ - 2. 실험 개요 ·························································· 46
2.1 공동주택 외벽 실험체의 제작 조건 ······························· 46
2.2 실험 인자 및 수준 ······················································ 47
2.3 실험 시료 ································································· 48
(1) 보통 콘크리트 타설 ··················································· 48
(2) 단열재 ······························································· 48
① 단열재의 열전도율 측정 ································· 48
① 단열재의 물성 ······································· 49
2.3 실험 기기 ································································· 50
(1) 적외선 열화상 카메라 ··················································· 50
(2) 데이터 로거 ··················································· 50
Ⅳ - 3. 실험 방법 ··························································· 51
3.1 열 실험장치 ··················································· 52
3.2 온도 측정기기 ··················································· 53
3.3 온도 측정 ··················································· 53
(1) 온도 측정점 위치 ··················································· 53
Ⅳ - 4. 실험 결과 및 고찰 ·············································· 58
4.1 벽체 내단열의 단열재 두께에 따른 열성능 평가 ················· 58
(1) 벽체 내단열 단열재 5cm, 8cm ································· 58
(2) 벽체 내단열 내벽체, 슬라브, 간막이벽 단열 5cm , 8cm ················· 61
4.2 열교부위에 따른 열성능 평가 ········································ 65
(1) 벽체 내단열 5cm. 8cm ····································· 65
(2) 내벽체와 내측 슬라브 및 간막이벽 단열 5cm, 8cm ············ 68
4.3 부분 외단열의 단열재 두께에 따른 열성능 평가 ··············· 71
(1) 벽체만 5cm 단열상태에서의 외단열의 5cm, 10cm ····· 71
(2) 내벽체, 슬라브, 간막이벽 5cm 단열상태에서의 외단열의 5cm,
10cm 보강 ············································· 75
(3) 내벽체만 단열 8cm 상태에서의 외단열 5cm, 10cm 보강· 79
(4) 내벽체, 슬라브, 간막이벽 단열 8cm 상태에서의 외단열
5cm, 10cm 보강······································· 83
Ⅴ. 결 론 ································································· 88
참고문헌 ········································································ 90
ABSTRACT···································································· 92

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