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논문 기본 정보

자료유형
학술저널
저자정보
Park Su Hwan (Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Korea) Lee Juheon (Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Korea) Yun Hye Jin (Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Korea) Kim Seok-Ho (Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, KoreaDepartment of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea) Lee Jong-Ho (Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea)
저널정보
대한진단검사의학회 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Annals of Laboratory Medicine 제44권 제5호
발행연도
2024.9
수록면
426 - 436 (11page)
DOI
10.3343/alm.2023.0443

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Background: Metformin, a drug prescribed for patients with type 2 diabetes, has potential efficacy in enhancing antitumor immunity; however, the detailed underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to identify the inhibitory molecular mechanisms of metformin on programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in cancer cells and programmed death 1 (PD-1) expression in immune cells. Methods: We employed a luciferase reporter assay, quantitative real-time PCR, immunoblotting analysis, immunoprecipitation and ubiquitylation assays, and a natural killer (NK) cell-mediated tumor cell cytotoxicity assay. A mouse xenograft tumor model was used to evaluate the effect of metformin on tumor growth, followed by flow-cytometric analysis using tumor-derived single-cell suspensions. Results: Metformin decreased AKT-mediated β-catenin S552 phosphorylation and subsequent β-catenin transactivation in an adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation-dependent manner, resulting in reduced CD274 (encoding PD-L1) transcription in cancer cells. Tumor-derived soluble factors enhanced PD-1 protein stability in NK and T cells via dissociation of PD-1 from ubiquitin E3 ligases and reducing PD-1 polyubiquitylation. Metformin inhibited the tumor-derived soluble factor-reduced binding of PD-1 to E3 ligases and PD-1 polyubiquitylation, resulting in PD-1 protein downregulation in an AMPK activation-dependent manner. These inhibitory effects of metformin on both PD-L1 and PD-1 expression ameliorated cancer-reduced cytotoxic activity of immune cells in vitro and decreased tumor immune evasion and growth in vivo. Conclusions: Metformin blocks both PD-L1 and PD-1 within the tumor microenvironment. This study provided a mechanistic insight into the efficacy of metformin in improving immunotherapy in human cancer.

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