The consumption of water contaminated by human or livestock excreta can lead to waterborne diseases, posing a significant threat to human health. Consequently, the effective management of pathogenic microorganisms is imperative. Due to the challenges associated with the direct detection of these pathogens, indirect assessment methods utilizing indicator microorganisms have been employed. These microorganisms exhibit sensitive responses to various factors influencing their proliferation and decay, as well as to diverse pollutants entering the water. In this study, the goal was to identify environmental factors influencing the proliferation of Escherichia coli through multiple regression analysis. The results revealed an inverse relationship between total coliforms (TC) and fecal coliforms (FC) with dissolved oxygen (DO), while a proportional relationship was observed between total coliforms (TC) and total phosphorus (TP). Furthermore, Yangdeogwon Stream, positioned as a source surrounded by cowhouses and agricultural areas, was investigated to assess its water quality contamination status. Through seven field surveys, 12 water quality parameters were measured, and a comparative analysis was conducted with the water quality at Hongcheon river 1 point. Considering the ongoing ecological river restoration project in the study area, it is anticipated that the results of this research will furnish crucial monitoring information upon the project’s completion, contributing to the evaluation of restoration goal achievement.