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N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a class of disinfection byproducts and a frequently detected nitrosamine with carcinogenic potentials. This review summarizes NDMA precursors, their formation mechanisms in chloraminated water, and mitigation strategies. Understanding the formation mechanism and characteristics of precursors is essential for developing a mitigation strategy. Dimethylamine (DMA), the most widely studied NDMA precursor, has an NDMA molar yield up to 3%. In comparison, a subset of tertiary amines, e.g., pharmaceuticals, generate up to 90% upon chloramination. Potent NDMA precursors, are characterized by their negative partial charge, low planarity values and molecular weight, and high bond length and $pK_a$ values. A nucleophilic substitution of tertiary amine on chloramine is a key reason for the high NDMA yield from the most potent NDMA precursors. The distribution and fate of NDMA in surface water, aquifers, and its formation in the distribution system can be mitigated through two strategies: (1) degrading or/removing NDMA after its formation and (2) pre-treatment of its precursor's prior chloramination.
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참고문헌 (54)
참고문헌 신청
Andrzejewski, P. / 2007 / N-nitrosodimethylamine formation during treatment with strong oxidants of dimethylamine containing water / Water Sci. Technol. 56:125~131
Bei, E. / 2016 / Identification of nitrosamine precursors from urban drainage during storm events: A case study in southern China / Chemosphere 160:323~331
Bond, T. / 2017 / Defining the molecular properties of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors using computational chemistry / Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol. 3:502~512
Chaplin, B.P. / 2009 / Electrochemical oxidation of N-nitrosodimethylamine with boron-doped diamond film electrodes / Environ. Sci. Technol. 43:8302~8307
Chen, C. / 2014 / Applying polarity rapid assessment method and ultrafiltration to characterize NDMA precursors in wastewater effluents / Water Res. 57:115~126
Bei, E. / 2016 / Identification of nitrosamine precursors from urban drainage during storm events: A case study in southern China / Chemosphere 160:323~331
Bond, T. / 2017 / Defining the molecular properties of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors using computational chemistry / Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol. 3:502~512
Chaplin, B.P. / 2009 / Electrochemical oxidation of N-nitrosodimethylamine with boron-doped diamond film electrodes / Environ. Sci. Technol. 43:8302~8307
Chen, C. / 2014 / Applying polarity rapid assessment method and ultrafiltration to characterize NDMA precursors in wastewater effluents / Water Res. 57:115~126
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