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Increasing the gene copy number has been commonly used to enhance the protein expressionlevel in the yeast Pichia pastoris. However, this method has been shown to be effective up to acertain gene copy number, and a further increase of gene dosage can result in a decrease ofexpression level. Evidences indicate the gene dosage effect is product-dependent, which needsto be determined when expressing a new protein. Here, we describe a direct detection of thegene dosage effect on protein secretion through expressing the enhanced green fluorescentprotein (EGFP) gene under the direction of the α-factor preprosequence in a panel of yeastclones carrying increasing copies of the EGFP gene (from one to six copies). Directly examinedunder fluorescence microscopy, we found relatively lower levels of EGFP were secreted intothe culture medium at one copy and two copies, substantial improvement of secretionappeared at three copies, plateau happened at four and five copies, and an apparent decreaseof secretion happened at six copies. The secretion of EGFP being limiting at four and fivecopies was due to abundant intracellular accumulation of proteins, observed from thefluorescence image of yeast and confirmed by western blotting, which significantly activatedthe unfolded protein response indicated by the up-regulation of the BiP (the KAR2 geneproduct) and the protein disulfide isomerase. This study implies that tagging a reporter likeGFP to a specific protein would facilitate a direct and rapid determination of the optimal genecopy number for high-yield expression.

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