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Microbial induction of rusty-root was proved in this study. The enzymes hydrolyzing plant structural materials,including pectinase, pectolyase, ligninase, and cellulase,caused the rusty-root in ginseng. Pectinase and pectolyase produced the highest rusty-color formation. Ferrous ion (Fe^(+++)) caused the synergistic effect on rusty-root formation in ginseng when it was used with pectinase. The effect of ferric ion (Fe^(++)) on rusty-root formation was slow, compared with Fe^(+++), probably due to gradual oxidation to Fe^(+++). Other metal ions including the ferric ion (Fe^(++)) did not affect rusty-root formation. The endophytic bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Lysobacter gummosus, Pseudomonas veronii,Pseudomonas marginalis, Rhodococcus erythropolis, and Rhodococcus globerulus, and the rotten-root forming phytophathogenic fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans,caused rusty-root. The polyphenol formation (rusty color)was not significantly different between microorganisms. The rotten-root-forming C. destructans produced large quantities of external cellulase activity (≈2.3 U[μM/min/mg protein]), which indicated the pathogenecity of the fungus,whereas the bacteria produced 0.1-0.7 U. The fungal external pectinase activities (0.05 U) and rusty-root formation activity were similar to those of the bacteria. In this report, we proved that microbial hydrolyzing enzymes caused rusty-root (Hue value 15^o) of ginseng, and ferrous ion worsened the symptom.

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