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A culture-independent molecular phylogenetic surveywas carried out on the bacterial community in cold-seepsediment at Edison Seamount, south of Lihir Island, PapuaNew Guinea. Small-subunit rRNA genes were amplifieddirectly from the sediment DNA by PCR and cloned. Themajority of the cloned 16S rRNA gene sequences were mostclosely related to as-yet-uncultivated microorganisms foundin deep-sea sediments, and were primarily affiliated with oneof four groups: the γ-, δ-, and ε-subdivisions of Proteobacteria,and Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides. We did not recoverany sequences related to cyanobacteria, prochlorophytes, andα-Proteobacteria, which are known to occur in great abundancewithin the surface mixed layer of the Atlantic and PacificOceans. The majority of the cloned γ- and ε-Proteobacterialsequences were closely related to chemoautotrophic sulfuroxidizingsymbionts of marine benthic fauna, and the δ-Proteobacterial sequences to sulfate- and sulfur-reducingbacteria, indicating that they might play an important role inchemoautotrophic primary production and the sulfur cycle inthe cold-seep area. These results demonstrate the high diversityof the bacterial community in the cold-seep sediment, andsubstantially expand knowledge of the extent of bacterialdiversity in this formidable and unique habitat.

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