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자료유형
학술저널
저자정보
저널정보
한국제임스조이스학회 제임스조이스 저널 제임스조이스 저널 제19권 제1호
발행연도
2013.1
수록면
109 - 127 (19page)

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Being attentive to the emphatic manifestations of metaphorical anthropomorphism in The Metamorphosis and the “Circe” episode of Ulysses, this essay delves into Franz Kafka and James Joyce’s literary philosophizing of the free-flowing identity of the Jews as at once everyman and noman. Both Kafka and Joyce responded to the historical exigencies of anti-Semitism for their own literary purpose by the same artistic means of Expressionism. In The Metamorphosis, Kafka intuitively expressed a sense of angst about anti-Semitism whose anthropomorphic trope is the vermin as a repulsive object into which Gregor turns. In “Circe,” Joyce staged to the show the gender switch between manliness and womanliness to burlesque the artificiality of gender dichotomy. Bloom becomes womanized and longs to be Mrs. Bellingham’s Palmer as a parodic allusion to Sacher-Masoch’s Severine/Gregor. Kafka’s personified vermin is indeed an anti-Semitic platitude disseminating the dread of the Jews unwarrantedly made loathsome. For Kafka, the racial stereotype of the Jew-Gregor-Vermin symbolizes an impasse in new meaning-making of the self, i.e. a hiatus in the self's further evolution. Kafka and Joyce’s Expressionist vision for countering anti-Semitism is the womanized man Severine/Gregor in Venus in Furs, which Gregor enshrines in his room and Bloom fantasizes in his mind. For Joyce, the very ever-changing nature of the self the womanized man represents serves to invalidate Irish nationalism projecting its internal pressures against its absolutism into anti-Semitism. Expressively substantiating the metamorphic identity of the self, Kafka and Joyce ironize the totalitarian logic of any nationalism that reinforces its unity by exploiting anti-Semitism.

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