본고는 전국초기에 유가와 더불어 양대 현학으로 눈부시게 활약한 묵자의 법사상을 살펴보고자 한다. 머리말에서 묵자의 생애와 ‘묵자’書에 대한 학설을 간략히 소개하고, 묵자의 등장배경과 유묵의 경쟁대립을 언급한다. 본론에 들어가서, 먼저 묵자 철학사상의 핵심기초인 ‘兼愛交利’의 만민평등주의를 살펴본다. 묵자의 겸애는 공자의 인애나 예수의 박애와 비슷한 사랑으로서 황금률이다. 허나 묵자의 겸애는 친소에 따른 차등적 사랑을 인정한 공자의 仁보다는, 호혜평등의 보편적 사랑으로서 예수의 박애에 가깝다. 둘째로, 인격적 의지의 하늘을 숭상하고, 하늘의 아들인 천자가 하늘의 뜻에 맞게 법을 제정해 다스려야 한다는, 묵자의 天志에 근거한 자연법론을 고찰한다. 셋째로, 統壹大同의 天下正義에 기초한 묵자 특유의 法律起源論을 소개한다. 넷째로, 군주의 통치권을, 尙賢의 인사정책에 기초한 현명한 관리체계와, 죄악 및 책임 사이의 형평정의에 기초한 공평하고 정의로운 司法정책, 그리고 인민을 위한 興利除害의 공리주의 입법원칙으로 나누어 살펴본다. 다섯째로, 근대의 국제법에 손색없는 평화공존의 국제법과, 칸트의 영구평화론보다 훨씬 앞서고 훌륭한 非攻의 正戰論을 소개한다. 끝으로, 묵자 원전의 충실한 이해를 바탕으로 법사상을 通觀한 본고가, 우리 법학계에 관심과 흥미를 유발하고 나아가 뜻있고 학식 있는 후학들의 확대심화 연구를 이끄는 조그만 불씨가 되길 기대한다.
This paper is a study on the legal thought of Mozi(墨子) who was initiator of Mojia(墨家) in the early period of Warring States(475-221 B.C.), Mojia(墨家) was one of two famous marked and prominent Schools of thought in pre-Qin(先秦) period of ancient China, the other was Rujia(儒家) i.e. Confucianism. This paper in preface introduces various theories about the life of Mozi and the Book of Mozi, and mentions the background of Mozi’s appearance on the historical stage and the competition & struggle between Mojia & Confucianism.
The main subjects of this paper are as follows. The first is ‘Jian-ai-jiao-li(兼愛交利)’, which was the core base of philosophy of Mozi, it means that person should love the others universally on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. It is a sort of golden rule of Mozi, as like as Confucian Ren(仁: humane-loving) and Love of Jesus, but it is more similar rather Jesus’s than Confucian, because Confucian Ren approve & maintain the difference of love between blood relations like parents and distant relatives, also between beloved family and unfamiliar stranger. The second is Mozi’s Natural Law based on Tianzhi(天志), i.e. Heaven’s Will or Wish. Mozi maintained that the emperor named Tianzi(天子) as the Son of Heaven, should uphold and obey Heaven’s Will or Wish in the process of rule, legislation & judicature. The third is Mozi’s characteristic theory of origin of law based on the worldly justice, unity & Great Harmony. The forth is the rule of emperor, divided in three branches, that is the wise official system based on the policy which respects for & instates the virtuous & able men, the fair judiciary system based on equal justice between crime & punishment, and the principle of utilitarian legislature based on the policy which promotes what is beneficial and abolishes what is harmful to the people. The fifth is Mozi’s theory of international law based on peaceful coexistence and non-attack(非攻) only approving invocation of self-defense power, which means just war. Mozi’s theory is never inferior to modern international law nor Kant’s theory of eternal peace.
In conclusion, this paper makes a general survey of Mozi’s legal thought in broad outline based on adequate understanding of the original text, and the author hopes that this paper become a small priming water of pump or kindling of fire which may induce interest of readers, so that the young may accomplish further more broad & deep study on Mozi’s legal thought.