정조 15년(1791)의 ‘신해통공’은 정부가 6의전 외에 일반 시전들의 禁亂廛權을 혁파하여, 금난전권 행사의 주체와 범위를 축소 통제한 정책이었다. ‘신해통공’ 이후에도 정조 18년(1794) ‘甲寅通共’과 순조 1년(1801) ‘辛酉通共’으로 논의ㆍ釐正되었다.
본고에서는 18세기 영ㆍ정조년간에 시행된 통공책 이후, 19세기 순조년간에 진행된 통공책에 대해 살펴보았다.
영조년간 노론 척신 북한당계 홍봉한이 주장한 ‘갑신통공’은 9廛에 대해서는 法司에서, 8廛에 대해서는 일반시전에서 금난전권을 행사토록 하였다. 영조 44년(1768)에는 흉년인 상황에서 노론 청명당계 김치인ㆍ한익모 등의 건의로 六矣廛을 제외한 나머지 시전의 금난전권을 완화시켜 원활한 상품유통을 추구하는 ‘戊子通共’을 주장ㆍ시행하였다. 하지만 시전상인들의 都庫활동과 他廛民의 都賈활동으로 인해 新法은 지속되지 못하였으며, 이러한 일련의 통공책은 영조 후반기 정국의 변화 속에 결집된 北漢黨과 南漢黨의 각기 다른 통공정책이었다. 이로 인해 ‘戊子通共’은 釐正되었으며, ‘갑인통공’으로 회귀하였다.
이후, 정조 10년(1786) ‘병오통공’ 11년(1787) ‘정미판하’를 추진하며, 금난전권 행사의 범위와 물종에 대해 논의ㆍ釐正하였던 것이다.
정조 15년(1791) ‘辛亥通共’은 노론 김문순·소론 이치중·남인 채재공 등이 참여하였고, 당시의 육의전은 立廛[=縇廛]ㆍ綿布廛ㆍ綿紬廛ㆍ紙廛ㆍ紵廛v內魚物廛+靑布廛이었다. 정조 18년(1794) ‘甲寅通共’은 노론 김이소ㆍ심이지, 소론 이시수ㆍ구익, 남인 채제공 등이 참여하였고, 당시의 육의전은 立廛ㆍ綿布廛ㆍ綿紬廛ㆍ布廛ㆍ紵廛ㆍ紙廛이었다.
정조 24년(1800)에 禁亂廛權의 복구를 요구하는 어물전 시민의 소요가 일어나자, 순조 1년(1801) ‘辛酉通共’이 시행되었다. 순조 즉위 후, 정순왕후의 수렴청정기간인 순조 즉위년과 1년 사이에 정조의 측근세력 대부분과 노론 척신세력의 일부가 정국에서 축출되었다. ‘辛酉通共’은 영ㆍ정조년간 노론 청명당계였던 영의정 심환지, 평시제조 서매수․이시수 등이 참여하였고, 立廛ㆍ綿布廛ㆍ綿紬廛ㆍ紙廛ㆍ魚物廛ㆍ苧布廛+布廛이었다.
영조 후반부터 정조년간, 순조 초반의 정치세력과 정국동향 속에 시행된 통공정책을 통해, 노론 척신계와 노론 청명당계 내에서의 시파ㆍ벽파 분화 과정과 포전·어물전 관련 금난전권 폐지와 복구에 대한 변화과정을 확인할 수 있었다.
순조 3년에 순조가 親政을 하고, 순조 7년(1807) 소론 준론 이시수에 의해 시행된 ‘丁卯通共’에 대해서는 다른 지면을 통해 분석할 계획이다.
Through the “Shin’hae-year Tong’gong” order, which was issued in 1791(15th year of King Jeongjo’s reign), the Joseon government eliminated the authority of “banning other shops from opening(禁亂廛權)” which had belonged to ordinary markets(except the Six Primary Markets [Yug’eui-jeon] which were the primary providers of items to the government). This order dramatically reduced the number and range of markets which were authorized to implement that banning. After this, similar orders continued to be issued, for example in 1794(18th year of King Jeongjo’s reign: 甲寅通共) and 1801(First year of King Sunjo’s reign: 辛酉通共). Examined in this article are the various Tong’gong orders issued during King Sunjo’s reign in the 19th century, as well orders issued during Kings Yeongjo and Jeongjo’s reign in the 18th century.
The “Gabshin-year Tong’gong” order was suggested by Hong Bong-han, who was a senior member of the Noron faction’s Buk’han-dang party during King Yeongjo’s reign. This order instructed the Legal office(Beobsa, 法司) and the ordinary markets to execute the banning authority over the “9 Markets(9廛)” and “8 Markets(8廛)” respectively. In 1768(44th year of King Yeongjo’s reign), the year was bad, and Kim Chi-in and Han Ik-mo, who were part of the Noron faction’s Cheong’myeong-dang party suggested the implementation of the “Mu’ja-year Tong’gong(戊子通共)” order to mitigate the banning authority of markets(once again except Yug’eui-jeon), in order to boost commercial items’ circulation throughout the society. Yet because of the Do’go(都庫) activities of the market merchants, and the Do’go(都賈) practices of the other markets’ merchants(他廛民), this new order was not abided by that much. In fact, these Tong’gong orders were designed by different political factions: Buk’han-dang(北漢黨) and Nam’han-dang(南漢黨), which both grew within the political environment of the latter half period of King Yeongjo’s reign. The “Muja-year Tong’gong” order was rescinded, and the “Gab’in-year Tong’gong” order was reinstated.
Later, King Jeongjo issued the “Byeong’o-year Tong’gong” order and the “Jeongmi-year Pan’ha” order in 1786(10th year) and 1787(11th year) respectively, and continued to debate and modify the range and items that should still be protected by the ‘banning authority.’ The “Shin’hae-year Tong’gong(辛亥通共)” order of 1791(15th year of King Jeongjo’s reign) was sponsored by Kim Mun-sun of the No’ron party, Yi Chi-jung of the So’ron party, and Chae Jae-gong of the Southerners party. And the Six Primary markets(Yug’eui-jeon) around this time were China's Silk shop(立廛=縇廛), Cotton textile shop(綿布廛), Silk shop(綿紬廛), Paper shop(紙廛), Ramie shop(紵廛) and a Fishery & Blue textile shop(內魚物廛+靑布廛). The “Gab’in-year Tong’gong(甲寅通共)” order of 1794(18th year of Jeongjo’s reign) was sponsored by Kim Ih-so and Shim Ih’ji from the No’ron faction, Yi Shi-su and Gu Ik from the So’ron faction, and Chae Jae-gong from the Southerners party. And the Six Primary markets were standing shop, cotton shop, silk shop, textile shop, ramie shop, and paper shop(立廛·綿布廛·綿紬廛·布廛·紵廛·紙廛).
When a small insurgency broke out by the fishery merchants in 1800(24th year of King Jeongjo’s reign) demanding the reinstatement of the ‘banning authority(禁亂廛權),’ The “Shin’yu-year Tong’gong(辛酉通共)” order was issued in 1801(First year of King Sunjo’s reign). After Sunjo was enthroned, most of King Jeongjo’s trusted officials and some of the elders in the No’ron faction were expelled from the government between 1800 and 1801, when Queen Jeongsun was overseeing the governance of the country. This order was sponsored by Shin Hwan-ji as well as Seo Mae-su and Yi Shi-su, who were all part of the No’ron faction’s Cheong’myeong-dang party during the reigns of Kings Yeongjo and Jeongjo. The Six primary markets were the same with 1794.
With the Tong’gong policy that had been maintained since the latter half period of King Yeongjo’s reign, and continued during Jeongjo’s reign through the early days of King Sunjo’s reign, as well as the political climate of this particular period, we can see how the No’ron faction diverged into ‘Shi-pa’ and ‘Byeok-pa’ sections, and how the ‘banning authority’ over textile and fishery shops were once eliminated and reinstated.
King Sunjo commenced direct governing of the country in his third year. The “Jeongmyo-year Tong’gong(丁卯通共)” order which was issued in 1807(7th year of Sunjo’s reign) by Yi Shi-su, who was a member of the So’ron faction’s Jun’ron section, will be examined through another paper.
