Based on the investigation to distributional pattern of the archaeological sites in the whole area along the coastline of Pribaikal strait, the outskirts of Ulanude, Zabaikal and the Kahta region in border line with Mongolia, this paper aims to elucidate the cultural relationships and the pattern of exchanges between the eastern area of Siberia, estimated to be one of the origins of Korean national cultures and the Korean peninsula from the Prehistoric Era to the Middle Ages. This investigation to the distributional pattern of archaeological sites associated a survey to the recognised sites with ground surveys. A closer examination of the data collected by research institutes at universities and museums in this area helped us to identify the newly excavated data of the Siberian archaeology. The most important outcome of this research was an identification of the fact that the Neolithic rounded-base pottery culture in the Pribaikal area and the Bronze stone-slab cist tomb culture in the Zabaikal were closely related with the prehistoric culture of Korean peninsula. Moreover, in the museums of this area we could collect invaluable data for the comparison of cultural exchange patterns between the eastern area of Siberia and the ancient Korea. The cultural exchanges between the eastern area of Siberia and Korea had been occurring not in a unilinear way but by multilinear contacts amongst various cultural groups that had been located in both countries. In this context, the research to elucidate the origin and formation of the national culture of Korea that was related to Siberia could be established by the investigations to the basic elements of Siberian archaeology, not by the diffusion of cultural traits and the ethnic migration based on the concentration on comparing the similar attributes of artifacts and features between two countries.