Today, low birth rate is a serious problem in more than 20 countries, including European countries. Russia is also experiencing problems of low birth rates. During the soviet period, the government's policy could best be described as the socialization of the family which called the anti-familizm.. The soviet government instituted a policy to liquidate the traditional family culture. It caused the negative changes in the basic functions of family as a social institution. So there are have been resulting problems in an identity crisis of the family as the basic unit of the society. The Russian family has been facing the decreased population due to the rapidly falling birth rate. Since 1992 there has been continuing the depopulation in Russian society, although recently there is moving to an increase in population. Gradually, the Russian family has evolved into a one child family. A decrease in child bearing is below the level of simple reproduction. For example, in 1990s, the rate of child bearing was half the rate 1.2~1.3 as that required for simple reproduction of the population 2.15. So the modern Russian family policy has to formulate policy not to be based on the concept from the soviet policy, but to find a ways to get the current family problems resolved. There are some different theoretical concepts on the key issues and the direction of modern family policy in Russian academic sphere. And to conclude, the family policy must be done all sorts of things to enhance the family as the social institution and to design the family-friendly policies. The author sees the solution to the current problems facing the family unit the state's family policy. Without assistance from the state's social institutions, it is difficult to envision a renovation and development of the traditional family structure. So the purpose of this study is to seek the appropriate and timely policy directions, analyzing the current condition and issues of the Russian family problems.