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After the fall of South sung(南宋) by Mongolian regime, the political aspect of the bureaucracies from Kitan(契丹) is found, but they were the common official, the figure of Kitan bureaucracy to become active in the beginning of Mongolian regime was not found. This shows that Mongolian regime reduced the appointment of Kitan bureaucracy sharpely and Kitan people was appointed within the restricted limit.
Such as the appointment of Kitan bureaucracy was reduced, the other hand the appointment of Jurchen(女眞) bureaucracy began to be regularized from Sejo's time before the enthronement. Kin Dynasty(金朝) bordered on with South Sung and Jurchen person knew correctly the actual circumstance of South Sung, Mongolian regime appointed Jurchen person to the bureaucracy.
Jeom Hap Jung San(粘合重山) was dispatched as the envoy to Jinggis Khan and turned him, he was person who helped Ya Yul Cho Jae(耶律楚材) from Kitan to reneder the greatest achievement in the policy establishment of Mongolian regime. After O Don Se Yeong(d奧敦世英) surrendered Jinggis Khan, didn't kill the prisoner of Kin Dynasty, and Bo Wha(保和), younger brother willing participated in the encouragement of agriculture, such as three men were the Chinesenized Jurchen bureaucracy.
At the time of Sejo(世祖), the appointment of Jurchen bureaucray was regularized, their bureaucratic aspect are as follows. Jo Yang Pil(趙良弼) persuaded the enthronement of Sejo, Yi Jeong(李庭), rendered the disinguished services at the time that enthroned Seongjeong(成宗), Yu Guk Geol(劉國傑) participated in the anmihilation to South Sung. These aspects are the important activity of Jurchen bureaucracy. Jo Yang Pil was dispatched as an envoy to Japan and found out a real condition of this land. Yu Guk Geol had been unofficially decided to have heavy responsibility in time of the expedition to Japan in 1359 year.
O Go Son Tak(烏古孫澤) who was Jurchen bureaucracy in the time to the expedition to South Sung, transported the com of Habuk(河北) to Kangnam(江南) and discharged his duties that transported Cho(?, money) to Hyenam(淮南). As these Chinese full name of Jurchen bureaucracy shows, these men were Chinesenized already, but recognized Mongolian regime as a lawful political regime that didn't recognize the chronic distination of Chinese Babarian(華夷). These men showed a devotional attitude in the expedition to South Sung and the conquer to Japan and the installation or the enthronement of the emperor.
After Mongolian regime abandoned the conquer to Japan, Jurchen bureaucracies were continually appointed in connection with the Chinese reign that was a important task of Mongolian regime. These bureaucracies contributed on many quarters, example agriculture, knowledge, history compilation. Jurchen burearcracies were the proxy ruler to the Mongol's Chinese, instead these men pressed the Mongolian regime for the Chinesenization.
The largest obstacle of the Chinsenization who these men desired was that Mongolian nomadic customs were maintained like that. At the time of Jurchen's demand to Chinesenization, Chinese bureaucracies kept silence. This means that Jurchen bureaucracies were recognized the bureaucratic ability by Mongolian regime, but Mongolian bureaucracies adhered to adherence the customs of themselves continually and didn't abandon that.
The national adherence of Mongol shows whole aspect through the respect to Lamaism(喇痲敎). Mongolian's bureaucracies bowed the knees to Lama(喇痲僧), Pae Sul No Chung(??魯?), Jurehen bureaucracy refused to bow the knee to him only. We can analyze it that the Chinesenized Jurchen bureaucracies showed dissatisfaction about the unchinesenization policy of Mongolian's regime, but the mental discord of this bureaucracies will be not small.
Because of refusing the Chinesenization demand of Jurehen bureaucracy the nomadic culture of Mongol was maintained like that. We didn't more find th mention about them in 『Yuan Sa(元史)』 not more, after the refusal of Mongol regime, this is analyzed that they reached to the limitation of demand.
As this Jurehen bureaucracies demanded the Chinesenization, but the great readers(讀書人) accepted the state examination(科擧) as a special grace and glad tidings that the emperor of Mongol gave, and concentrated the devotion to the given duty. At this decline time of Mongol regime among the Chinese person who had passed the primary state examination, the patriotic matyrs were produced extremely much. The Chinese gentries(士大夫) who were treated like minor official were bent on tacking official post of Mongol regime through the ability and financial power, what was worse they changed name in Mongolian style and didn't think assuming Mongolian shamefully. Such this situation was extreme in Tuha(投下), the feudal land. Through this we can know that the Chinese's Mongoliannization how was accomplished voluntarily.
Because Jurchen bureaucracies pressed Mongol regime for Chinesenization, we are easy to think that the bureaucracies from Balhae(渤海) were sane like that. But at the series of biographies in 『Yuan Sa(元史)』 we are difficult to seek this point. The bureaucracies from Balhae who were written on the series of biographies in 『Yuan Sa』 are 4 persons only. Through their aspect we cann't argue the bureaucracies from Balhaae uniformly, but the common aspect of the bureaucracies form Balhae who were written in the series fo biographies is found in the point that this bureaucracies were Mongolization rather than they urged the Chinsenization.
The point that shows the burearcracies from Balhae were Mongolnized is that they were donated the name of Mongolian style by the emperor. Yu Heung Ga(攸興哥), the bureaucracy from Balhae to be written in the series of biographies of loyalty in 『Yuan Sa』 was donated Hap La Bal Do(哈剌拔都), name by Jinggis Khan, but the bureaucratic aspect was in the participation of war and the contents of construction is loose.
The bureaucracy from Balhae, Go Hui(高携) who is descended from Dongmyungseongwang(東明聖王) of Go Gu Ryu(高句麗), won the favor of Sejo and was given Sil La(失剌) name by Sejo, the background to be given name was in the point that he kept night watch fairly and superintended it whether the constructor built fairly the royal palace of the crown prince. Sejo estimated early that the poeple of Goryeo(高麗) is excellent than Chinese on the talent like the wood working and construction.
As Yu Heung Ga(攸興哥) and Go Hui won the favor of emperor, and formed the individual acquaintance relation with emperor, Jang Cho(張礎) and Yim Sog Ga(任速哥) were same also. Jang Cho who Sejo and Arikbuka each desired to make his person, stook ot Sejo's person finally. The reason that Sejo desired him so much, was in the pot that descended from Dongmyungseongwang(東明聖王) and his excellent writing talent. He became the dean of Gug Ja Gam(國子監) through the learning as bureaucracy from Balhae only, through this we can know his relation with Sejo was peculiar.
Yim Sog Ga, bureaucracy from Balhae was the descendent of Yim A(任雅) was the confidence of Yungjeong(英宗). As Mongolnization of Chinese was accomplished voluntally, we think Mongolnization fo Balhae's person was accomplished by this form. The bureaucracies from Kitan and Jurchen pressed the Mongolian ruler for the Chinesenization, but Balhae bureaucracy didn't it.
Such as the appointment of Kitan bureaucracy was reduced, the other hand the appointment of Jurchen(女眞) bureaucracy began to be regularized from Sejo's time before the enthronement. Kin Dynasty(金朝) bordered on with South Sung and Jurchen person knew correctly the actual circumstance of South Sung, Mongolian regime appointed Jurchen person to the bureaucracy.
Jeom Hap Jung San(粘合重山) was dispatched as the envoy to Jinggis Khan and turned him, he was person who helped Ya Yul Cho Jae(耶律楚材) from Kitan to reneder the greatest achievement in the policy establishment of Mongolian regime. After O Don Se Yeong(d奧敦世英) surrendered Jinggis Khan, didn't kill the prisoner of Kin Dynasty, and Bo Wha(保和), younger brother willing participated in the encouragement of agriculture, such as three men were the Chinesenized Jurchen bureaucracy.
At the time of Sejo(世祖), the appointment of Jurchen bureaucray was regularized, their bureaucratic aspect are as follows. Jo Yang Pil(趙良弼) persuaded the enthronement of Sejo, Yi Jeong(李庭), rendered the disinguished services at the time that enthroned Seongjeong(成宗), Yu Guk Geol(劉國傑) participated in the anmihilation to South Sung. These aspects are the important activity of Jurchen bureaucracy. Jo Yang Pil was dispatched as an envoy to Japan and found out a real condition of this land. Yu Guk Geol had been unofficially decided to have heavy responsibility in time of the expedition to Japan in 1359 year.
O Go Son Tak(烏古孫澤) who was Jurchen bureaucracy in the time to the expedition to South Sung, transported the com of Habuk(河北) to Kangnam(江南) and discharged his duties that transported Cho(?, money) to Hyenam(淮南). As these Chinese full name of Jurchen bureaucracy shows, these men were Chinesenized already, but recognized Mongolian regime as a lawful political regime that didn't recognize the chronic distination of Chinese Babarian(華夷). These men showed a devotional attitude in the expedition to South Sung and the conquer to Japan and the installation or the enthronement of the emperor.
After Mongolian regime abandoned the conquer to Japan, Jurchen bureaucracies were continually appointed in connection with the Chinese reign that was a important task of Mongolian regime. These bureaucracies contributed on many quarters, example agriculture, knowledge, history compilation. Jurchen burearcracies were the proxy ruler to the Mongol's Chinese, instead these men pressed the Mongolian regime for the Chinesenization.
The largest obstacle of the Chinsenization who these men desired was that Mongolian nomadic customs were maintained like that. At the time of Jurchen's demand to Chinesenization, Chinese bureaucracies kept silence. This means that Jurchen bureaucracies were recognized the bureaucratic ability by Mongolian regime, but Mongolian bureaucracies adhered to adherence the customs of themselves continually and didn't abandon that.
The national adherence of Mongol shows whole aspect through the respect to Lamaism(喇痲敎). Mongolian's bureaucracies bowed the knees to Lama(喇痲僧), Pae Sul No Chung(??魯?), Jurehen bureaucracy refused to bow the knee to him only. We can analyze it that the Chinesenized Jurchen bureaucracies showed dissatisfaction about the unchinesenization policy of Mongolian's regime, but the mental discord of this bureaucracies will be not small.
Because of refusing the Chinesenization demand of Jurehen bureaucracy the nomadic culture of Mongol was maintained like that. We didn't more find th mention about them in 『Yuan Sa(元史)』 not more, after the refusal of Mongol regime, this is analyzed that they reached to the limitation of demand.
As this Jurehen bureaucracies demanded the Chinesenization, but the great readers(讀書人) accepted the state examination(科擧) as a special grace and glad tidings that the emperor of Mongol gave, and concentrated the devotion to the given duty. At this decline time of Mongol regime among the Chinese person who had passed the primary state examination, the patriotic matyrs were produced extremely much. The Chinese gentries(士大夫) who were treated like minor official were bent on tacking official post of Mongol regime through the ability and financial power, what was worse they changed name in Mongolian style and didn't think assuming Mongolian shamefully. Such this situation was extreme in Tuha(投下), the feudal land. Through this we can know that the Chinese's Mongoliannization how was accomplished voluntarily.
Because Jurchen bureaucracies pressed Mongol regime for Chinesenization, we are easy to think that the bureaucracies from Balhae(渤海) were sane like that. But at the series of biographies in 『Yuan Sa(元史)』 we are difficult to seek this point. The bureaucracies from Balhae who were written on the series of biographies in 『Yuan Sa』 are 4 persons only. Through their aspect we cann't argue the bureaucracies from Balhaae uniformly, but the common aspect of the bureaucracies form Balhae who were written in the series fo biographies is found in the point that this bureaucracies were Mongolization rather than they urged the Chinsenization.
The point that shows the burearcracies from Balhae were Mongolnized is that they were donated the name of Mongolian style by the emperor. Yu Heung Ga(攸興哥), the bureaucracy from Balhae to be written in the series of biographies of loyalty in 『Yuan Sa』 was donated Hap La Bal Do(哈剌拔都), name by Jinggis Khan, but the bureaucratic aspect was in the participation of war and the contents of construction is loose.
The bureaucracy from Balhae, Go Hui(高携) who is descended from Dongmyungseongwang(東明聖王) of Go Gu Ryu(高句麗), won the favor of Sejo and was given Sil La(失剌) name by Sejo, the background to be given name was in the point that he kept night watch fairly and superintended it whether the constructor built fairly the royal palace of the crown prince. Sejo estimated early that the poeple of Goryeo(高麗) is excellent than Chinese on the talent like the wood working and construction.
As Yu Heung Ga(攸興哥) and Go Hui won the favor of emperor, and formed the individual acquaintance relation with emperor, Jang Cho(張礎) and Yim Sog Ga(任速哥) were same also. Jang Cho who Sejo and Arikbuka each desired to make his person, stook ot Sejo's person finally. The reason that Sejo desired him so much, was in the pot that descended from Dongmyungseongwang(東明聖王) and his excellent writing talent. He became the dean of Gug Ja Gam(國子監) through the learning as bureaucracy from Balhae only, through this we can know his relation with Sejo was peculiar.
Yim Sog Ga, bureaucracy from Balhae was the descendent of Yim A(任雅) was the confidence of Yungjeong(英宗). As Mongolnization of Chinese was accomplished voluntally, we think Mongolnization fo Balhae's person was accomplished by this form. The bureaucracies from Kitan and Jurchen pressed the Mongolian ruler for the Chinesenization, but Balhae bureaucracy didn't it.
목차
Ⅰ. 序論
Ⅱ. 太祖時 女眞官僚의 國家政策 樹立
Ⅲ. 世祖時 女眞官僚의 軍事外交的 寄與
Ⅳ. 文宗時 女眞官僚 學問的 活躍
Ⅴ. 順帝時 女眞官僚의 漢化促求
Ⅵ. 渤海官僚의 寄與 및 蒙古化
Ⅶ. 結論
Abstract
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