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논문 기본 정보
- 자료유형
- 학술저널
- 저자정보
- 발행연도
- 2002.2
- 수록면
- 25 - 54 (30page)
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America was built on the graves of Indians, which was intentionally buried and willingly forgotten behind its self-image of the redemptive country for the oppressed. Especially “Jacksonian Democracy(1824-52)” which avowed itself to be the defendant for a common man's rights and liberty had its shameful under-sides, one of which was the Indian Removal. Countless Indians were forced to leave their fertile homeland in the eastern part of the Mississippi for the waste Indian Territory in the west. Many died of diseases, famine and poor conditions in the Indian Territory during “The Trails of Tears.”
America created a myth which it hoped would justify this contradiction between its sunny public image and dark historical reality. According to this myth, Indians were savages who stayed in the childhood of human history by keeping primitive instincts and lifestyles and who were therefore destined to disappear and become extinct before the progress of white civilizations. This myth was based on the racial ideology combined with American elitism, which supposed the binary conceptions such as self/other, superior/inferior, progress/extinction, moral regeneration/moral corruption, reason/instinct, future/past, good/evil and which insisted on the unbridgeable gulf between white American civilization and red Indian savagism.
Even if Hawthorne did not create a work which dealt with the Indian question directly, he occasionally put his negative response to the above ideology into his sketches and short stories such as “Main-Street,” “The Seven Vagabonds,” “The Old-Manse,” “The Canal-Boat,” “Our Evening Party among the Mountains,” “The Duston Family,” “Roger Malvin's Burial,” and “The Whole Story of Grandfather's Chair.” He challenges the dominant ideology in three aspects. First, he demystifies the myths of virgin land and American moral purity by revealing that Americans invaded and killed Indians who had been the original owners of the land. Second, he breaks down the binary conceptions by uncovering the Puritan Fathers' inhumanity and savagery and by configurating the moral cowardice of the white frontiersman. Third, he humanizes Indians by showing that they have reason, heart and spirit like every other human being and by suggesting that an Indian's life is as precious as a white man's in the eyes of Heaven.
Hawthorne has been evaluated as a revisionary historian who dug into the myth of American regeneration and who had respect for the differences and morally balanced historical consciousness. This evaluation is true of the Indian question as well, for he demystifies the ideology of white supremacy combined with American ideological superiority.
America created a myth which it hoped would justify this contradiction between its sunny public image and dark historical reality. According to this myth, Indians were savages who stayed in the childhood of human history by keeping primitive instincts and lifestyles and who were therefore destined to disappear and become extinct before the progress of white civilizations. This myth was based on the racial ideology combined with American elitism, which supposed the binary conceptions such as self/other, superior/inferior, progress/extinction, moral regeneration/moral corruption, reason/instinct, future/past, good/evil and which insisted on the unbridgeable gulf between white American civilization and red Indian savagism.
Even if Hawthorne did not create a work which dealt with the Indian question directly, he occasionally put his negative response to the above ideology into his sketches and short stories such as “Main-Street,” “The Seven Vagabonds,” “The Old-Manse,” “The Canal-Boat,” “Our Evening Party among the Mountains,” “The Duston Family,” “Roger Malvin's Burial,” and “The Whole Story of Grandfather's Chair.” He challenges the dominant ideology in three aspects. First, he demystifies the myths of virgin land and American moral purity by revealing that Americans invaded and killed Indians who had been the original owners of the land. Second, he breaks down the binary conceptions by uncovering the Puritan Fathers' inhumanity and savagery and by configurating the moral cowardice of the white frontiersman. Third, he humanizes Indians by showing that they have reason, heart and spirit like every other human being and by suggesting that an Indian's life is as precious as a white man's in the eyes of Heaven.
Hawthorne has been evaluated as a revisionary historian who dug into the myth of American regeneration and who had respect for the differences and morally balanced historical consciousness. This evaluation is true of the Indian question as well, for he demystifies the ideology of white supremacy combined with American ideological superiority.
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