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Studies in literary history of literary works without the aid of bibiographical researches into documentary records often result in non-scientific conclusions.
All studies in literature usually begin with documentary records or with a literary work preserved in the records. Thus, bibliographic researches into documentary records or literary works lay the groundwork for studies.
Most novels in ancient Korea are not "creative works" by definite novelists and there exist many different versions not only in contents, but also authors and the periods in which the novels were written. Hence the added importance of bibliographic studies.
In this study, the writer examined and compared the different versions of The Life of the Rabbit (Tokkijon), and attempted to trace the time when the story was first written as well as the author. In short, the writer attempted to complete the bibliographic studies in Tokkijon Special features of the study are as follows:
1) The writer collected 19 different versions of the Tokkijon (nine handwritten versions a wooden plate copy, four type-printed copies and four others), and studied the formats, and contents in order to grasp a general picture of the existing different versions. Of the 19 versions, formats and contents of 11 kinds excluding type-printed copies are introduced for the first time. Especially the complete wooden plate copy of Toebyolaga 퇴별가 and Togongsa 兎公辭 in Chinese characters are new discoveries.
2) The writer, dividing Tokkijon, into 15 categories based on conclusions of various versions, studied the differences between the 19 versions in detail and found that the different versions largely fall into two categories: P'ansori 판소리 (the song of a drama as recited by the Kwangdae 慶大 performer) and novel.
3) Extensive bibliographic studies in the different versions, coupled with examination of story construction and description of details, disclosed that the Tokkijon originally existed in P'ansori form, approximately at a time between the late period of King Sukchong 肅宗 and early reign of King Yongjong 英宗 of the Yi Dynasty, that is, 1715-1725. In other words, a song by Kwangdae (clown) performer of a legendary story marks the origin of the Tokkijon and no original copy is found among the various existing versions.
4) The writer believes that the P'ansori form preceded that of the novel and the
complete wooden plate copy was based on Sin Chae-hyo's 申在孝 versions which were mainly based on Karam's 가람 Pyolt'oga (). In other words, Karam's Pyolt'oga appears to be the oldest of different P'ansori versions.
5) In my opinion, Tokkijon in story form was developed from P'ansori or song books and various editions of the story, both old and new, were based on Karam's original version or one of its derivations. My research leads me to conclude that Karam's book is the oldest version of the story ever discovered.
6) Sin Chae-hyo, authority on P'ansori, arranged in order various forms of songs and compiled his own version. Though great his contribution to P'ansori, his approach to embellishment, revision and omission was too arbitrary and rendered his version too rigid, for he placed emphasis on loyalty as the main theme. Humoristic expressions and obscenity were eliminated and the writing style of Chinese characters was adopted, thus erasing traits of humbleness and candidness as literature of the masses. The originality of Sin's version, therefore, deserves a review and Sin's version can hardly be called a
good one.
7) In Tokkijon, there is a scene of a conference of animals where seniority is being discussed. The motif of the scene appears to have been adopted from Indian legends. A similar scene is found in Sipsongyul 十誦律 of the Buddhist classics. The ancient novel. The Life of Tourtoise, has the same motif.
8) Some motifs of the scenes in the first half of the P'ansori version of Tokkijon
appear to be and influence from Sugunggyonghoerok 水宮慶會錄 and
Yongdangyonghoerok 龍堂靈會錄, which were included in stories by China's Ming Dynasty writer Ch'u-yu 瞿佑 called Chien-teng-hsin-hua 剪燈新話
All studies in literature usually begin with documentary records or with a literary work preserved in the records. Thus, bibliographic researches into documentary records or literary works lay the groundwork for studies.
Most novels in ancient Korea are not "creative works" by definite novelists and there exist many different versions not only in contents, but also authors and the periods in which the novels were written. Hence the added importance of bibliographic studies.
In this study, the writer examined and compared the different versions of The Life of the Rabbit (Tokkijon), and attempted to trace the time when the story was first written as well as the author. In short, the writer attempted to complete the bibliographic studies in Tokkijon Special features of the study are as follows:
1) The writer collected 19 different versions of the Tokkijon (nine handwritten versions a wooden plate copy, four type-printed copies and four others), and studied the formats, and contents in order to grasp a general picture of the existing different versions. Of the 19 versions, formats and contents of 11 kinds excluding type-printed copies are introduced for the first time. Especially the complete wooden plate copy of Toebyolaga 퇴별가 and Togongsa 兎公辭 in Chinese characters are new discoveries.
2) The writer, dividing Tokkijon, into 15 categories based on conclusions of various versions, studied the differences between the 19 versions in detail and found that the different versions largely fall into two categories: P'ansori 판소리 (the song of a drama as recited by the Kwangdae 慶大 performer) and novel.
3) Extensive bibliographic studies in the different versions, coupled with examination of story construction and description of details, disclosed that the Tokkijon originally existed in P'ansori form, approximately at a time between the late period of King Sukchong 肅宗 and early reign of King Yongjong 英宗 of the Yi Dynasty, that is, 1715-1725. In other words, a song by Kwangdae (clown) performer of a legendary story marks the origin of the Tokkijon and no original copy is found among the various existing versions.
4) The writer believes that the P'ansori form preceded that of the novel and the
complete wooden plate copy was based on Sin Chae-hyo's 申在孝 versions which were mainly based on Karam's 가람 Pyolt'oga (). In other words, Karam's Pyolt'oga appears to be the oldest of different P'ansori versions.
5) In my opinion, Tokkijon in story form was developed from P'ansori or song books and various editions of the story, both old and new, were based on Karam's original version or one of its derivations. My research leads me to conclude that Karam's book is the oldest version of the story ever discovered.
6) Sin Chae-hyo, authority on P'ansori, arranged in order various forms of songs and compiled his own version. Though great his contribution to P'ansori, his approach to embellishment, revision and omission was too arbitrary and rendered his version too rigid, for he placed emphasis on loyalty as the main theme. Humoristic expressions and obscenity were eliminated and the writing style of Chinese characters was adopted, thus erasing traits of humbleness and candidness as literature of the masses. The originality of Sin's version, therefore, deserves a review and Sin's version can hardly be called a
good one.
7) In Tokkijon, there is a scene of a conference of animals where seniority is being discussed. The motif of the scene appears to have been adopted from Indian legends. A similar scene is found in Sipsongyul 十誦律 of the Buddhist classics. The ancient novel. The Life of Tourtoise, has the same motif.
8) Some motifs of the scenes in the first half of the P'ansori version of Tokkijon
appear to be and influence from Sugunggyonghoerok 水宮慶會錄 and
Yongdangyonghoerok 龍堂靈會錄, which were included in stories by China's Ming Dynasty writer Ch'u-yu 瞿佑 called Chien-teng-hsin-hua 剪燈新話
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